There is an urgent need to develop better therapeutics for autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, of which musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis are particularly prevalent and debilitating. Helminth parasites are accomplished masters at modifying their hosts' immune activity, and so attention has focused on rodent-helminth model systems to uncover the workings of the mammalian immune response to metazoan parasites, with the hope of revealing molecules and/or mechanisms that can be translated into better treatments for human autoimmune and idiopathic disorders. Substantial proof-of-principal data supporting the concept that infection with helminth parasites can reduce the severity of concomitant disease has been amassed from models of mucosal inflammation. Indeed, infection with helminth parasites has been tried as a therapy in inflammatory bowel disease, and there are case reports relating to other conditions (e.g., autism); however, the impact of infection with parasitic helminths on musculoskeletal diseases has not been extensively studied. Here, we present the view that such a strategy should be applied to the amelioration of joint inflammation and review the literature that supports this contention.

Chelsea E. Matisz

Jason J. McDougall

Keith A. Sharkey

Derek M. McKay

Helminth Parasites and the Modulation of Joint Inflammation

The energetic costs of fasting and <i>Ichthyophonus</i> infection were measured in juvenile Pacific herring 
                  (<i>Clupea pallasii</i>) in a lab setting at three temperatures. Infected herring incurred significant energetic costs, the magnitude of which depended on fish condition at the time of infection (fat versus lean). Herring that were fed continually and were in relatively good condition at the time of infection (fat) never stored lipid despite <i>ad libitum</i> feeding. In feeding herring, the energetic cost of infection was a 30% reduction in total energy content relative to controls 52 days post infection. Following food deprivation (lean condition), infection caused an initial delay in the compensatory response of herring. Thirty-one days after re-feeding, the energetic cost of infection in previously-fasted fish was a 32% reduction in total energy content relative to controls. Body composition of infected herring subsequently recovered to some degree, though infected herring never attained the same energy content as their continuously fed counterparts. Fifty-two days after re-feeding, the energetic cost of infection in previously-fasted fish was a 6% reduction in total energy content relative to controls. The greatest impacts of infection occurred in colder temperatures, suggesting <i>Ichthyophonus</i>-induced reductions in body condition may have greater consequences in the northern extent of herring's range, where juveniles use most of their energy reserves to survive their first winter.

Johanna J. Vollenweider

Jake L. Gregg

Ron A. Heintz

Paul K. Hershberger

Energetic Cost of <i>Ichthyophonus</i> Infection in Juvenile Pacific Herring (<i>Clupea pallasii</i>)

Gastrointestinal nematode parasites in farmed animals are of particular importance due to their effects on production. In Australia, it is estimated that the direct and indirect effects of parasite infestation cost the animal production industries hundreds of millions of dollars each year. The main factors considered by immunologists when studying gastrointestinal nematode infections are the effects the host's response has on the parasite, which immunological components are responsible for these effects, genetic factors involved in controlling immunological responses, and the interactions between these forming an interconnecting multilevel relationship. In this paper,  we describe the roles of immunoglobulins, in particular IgA and IgE, and the major histocompatibility complex in resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in sheep.  We also draw evidence from other animal models to support the involvement of these immune components. Finally, we examine how IgA and IgE exert their influence and how methods may be developed to manage susceptible animals.

C. Y. Lee

K. A. Munyard

K. Gregg

J. D. Wetherall

M. J. Stear

D. M. Groth

The Influence of MHC and Immunoglobulins A and E on Host Resistance to Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep

Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice infected intraperitoneally with <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:48.474998px;" id="M1" height="16.112499" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 48.474998 16.112499" width="48.474998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
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</svg><i  > Trypanosoma congolense</i> survive for more than 30 days. C57BL/6 mice deficient in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS<sup  >&#x2212;/&#x2212;</sup>) and infected with 10<sup  >3</sup> or <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:48.474998px;" id="M2" height="16.112499" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 48.474998 16.112499" width="48.474998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
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</svg> parasites do not control the parasitemia and survive for only <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:42.137501px;" id="M3" height="11.2875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 42.137501 11.2875" width="42.137501"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
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</svg> or  <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:58.049999px;" id="M4" height="11.4" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.049999 11.4" width="58.049999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
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</svg> days, respectively. Bloodstream trypanosomes of iNOS<sup  >&#x2212;/&#x2212;</sup> mice infected with <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:48.474998px;" id="M5" height="16.112499" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 48.474998 16.112499" width="48.474998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.85)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,11.996,15.85)"><use xlink:href="#xD7"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,25.748,15.85)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,33.907,15.85)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g>

            <g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,42.075,7.688)"><use xlink:href="#x36"/></g>

        
    
</svg>&#x2009;&#x2009;<i  >T. congolense</i> had a significantly higher ratio of organisms in the S+G2+M phases of the cell cycle than trypanosomes in WT mice. We have reported that IgM anti-VSG-mediated phagocytosis of <i  >T. congolense</i> by macrophages inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthesis via CR3 (CD11b/CD18). Here, we show that during the first parasitemia, but not at later stages of infection, <i  >T. congolense</i>-infected CD11b<sup  >&#x2212;/&#x2212;</sup> mice produce more NO and have a significantly lower parasitemia than infected WT mice. We conclude that induced NO contributes to the control of parasitemia by inhibiting the growth of the trypanosomes. 

Wenfa Lu

Guojian Wei

Wanling Pan

Henry Tabel

<i>Trypanosoma congolense</i> Infections: Induced Nitric Oxide Inhibits Parasite Growth In Vivo

Effects of water flooding on the oviposition capacity of engorged adult females and hatchability of eggs of <i  >Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> and <i  >Haemaphysalis leachi leachi</i> under laboratory conditions were investigated. 
The durations of time of water flooding were 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. 
Engorged females of <i  >R. sanguineus</i> and <i  >H. leachi leachi</i> did not oviposit after being flooded for more than 48 and 6 hours, respectively. 
The preoviposition periods of both species were longer than those of their controls. The number of eggs laid were significantly lower (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.27pt;width:43.337502px;" id="M1" height="10.1" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 43.337502 10.1" width="43.337502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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			</text>

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</svg>) and higher (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.27pt;width:43.337502px;" id="M2" height="10.1" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 43.337502 10.1" width="43.337502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="28.961472" y="0">5</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>) than their controls, respectively, for <i  >R. sanguineus</i> and <i  >H. leachi leachi</i> flooded for 1&#x2013;4 hours. 
The hatchability of eggs of both species decreased as flooding time increased. The percentage of hatchability was negatively correlated with flooding time and was highly significant (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.2475pt;width:57.337502px;" id="M3" height="9.8999996" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 57.337502 9.8999996" width="57.337502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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			</text>

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</svg>; <svg style="vertical-align:-0.27pt;width:43.337502px;" id="M4" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 43.337502 9.9375" width="43.337502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)">
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</svg>). It is concluded that <i  >R. sanguineus</i> tolerated simulated water flooding more than <i  >H. leachi leachi</i>. 


Johnson O. Adejinmi

Effect of Water Flooding on the Oviposition Capacity of Engorged  Adult Females and Hatchability of Eggs of Dog Ticks: <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> and <i>Haemaphysalis leachi leachi</i>

The influence of spatially distinct host subpopulations on helminth community structure and pattern was examined in a migratory avian host species.  Forty helminth species represented by 24,082 individuals were collected from 184 blue-winged teal (<i  >Anas discors</i>; BWT) from 2 primary migratory corridors in Florida (eastern migratory corridor; EMC) and Louisiana and Texas (western migratory corridor; WMC).  Mean species richness was greater in BWT from the WMC (<svg      style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:139.925px;" id="M1" height="12.3625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 139.925 12.3625" width="139.925"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> species) than the EMC (8.6 &#xb1; 0.2). The helminth community from the WMC had higher abundances of 6 common/intermediate species. Corridor helminth communities were similar in species composition but less similar when incorporating abundances of those species. Overlapping distributions of phylogenetically related host species that share generalist helminth species across ecologically similar habitats seem to mitigate the isolating mechanisms that are necessary for the distinct coevolutionary pathways to develop between adjacent corridors.

Jason M. Garvon

Alan M. Fedynich

Markus J. Peterson

Danny B. Pence

Helminth Community Dynamics in Populations of Blue-Winged Teal (<i>Anas discors</i>) Using Two Distinct Migratory Corridors

In the past 25 years, the development of an effective malaria vaccine has become one of the biggest riddles in the biomedical sciences. Experimental data using animal infection models demonstrated that it is possible to induce protective immunity against different stages of malaria parasites. Nonetheless, the vast body of knowledge has generated disappointments when submitted to clinical conditions and presently a single antigen formulation has progressed to the point where it may be translated into a human vaccine. In parallel, new means to increase the protective effects of antigens in general have been pursued and depicted, such as the use of bacterial flagellins as carriers/adjuvants. Flagellins activate pathways in the innate immune system of both mice and humans. The recent report of the first Phase I clinical trial of a vaccine containing a <i>Salmonella</i> flagellin as carrier/adjuvant may fuel the use of these proteins in vaccine formulations. Herein, we review the studies on the use of recombinant flagellins as vaccine adjuvants with malarial antigens in the light of the current state of the art of malaria vaccine development. The available information indicates that bacterial flagellins should be seriously considered for malaria vaccine formulations to the development of effective human vaccines.

Daniel Y. Bargieri

Irene S. Soares

Fabio T. M. Costa

Catarina J. Braga

Luis C. S. Ferreira

Mauricio M. Rodrigues

Malaria Vaccine Development: Are Bacterial Flagellin Fusion Proteins the Bridge between Mouse and Humans?

The protozoan parasite <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> is responsible for invasive intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. The virulence of <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> is strongly correlated with the parasite's capacity to effectively kill and phagocytose host cells. The process by which host cells are killed and phagocytosed follows a sequential model of adherence, cell killing, initiation of phagocytosis, and engulfment. This paper presents recent advances in the cytolytic and phagocytic processes of <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> in context of the sequential model.

Adam Sateriale

Christopher D. Huston

A Sequential Model of Host Cell Killing and Phagocytosis by <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>

About this journal

<p><em>Journal of Parasitology Research</em> publishes papers in all areas of basic and applied parasitology, including host-parasite relationships, parasitic diseases, disease vectors, and the social and economic issues around the impact of parasites.</p>


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<p><em>Journal of Parasitology Research</em> maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.</p>


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Journal of Parasitology Research - Table of contents 2011

Journal of Parasitology Research | Hindawi

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Journal of Parasitology Research publishes papers in all areas of basic and applied parasitology, including host-parasite relationships, parasitic diseases, disease vectors, and the social and economic issues around the impact of parasites.

Journal of Parasitology Research