Review Article
Adaptive Foot in Lower-Limb Prostheses
Table 1
Ranges of motions of human foot joints.
| Motion | Human foot joint | Plane of movement | Range of motion |
| Dorsiflexion & plantarflexion | TC | Sagittal | N/A | ST | Sagittal | −2.5° : 5° |
| Inversion & eversion | ST | Transverse | −10° : 20° | MT - TN | Transverse | N/A |
| Abduction-adduction | ST | Frontal | −10° : 20° |
| Flexion & extension | MT-CC | Sagittal | N/A | MTP (big toe) | Sagittal | (−) 80° : 40° | MTP (toes 2–5) | Sagittal | (−) 60° : 40° | Proximal IP (big toe) | Sagittal | 0° : 90° | Proximal IP (toes 2–5) | Sagittal | 0° : 60° | Distal IP | Sagittal | Hyper: 90° |
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