Stiffness and Elastic Deformation of 4-DoF Parallel Manipulator with Three Asymmetrical Legs for Supporting Helicopter Rotor

Song, Jialin; Lu, Yang; Wang, Yongli; Lu, Yi

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8571318

Journal of Robotics

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Abstract Introduction Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 8571318 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8571318

Stiffness and Elastic Deformation of 4-DoF Parallel Manipulator with Three Asymmetrical Legs for Supporting Helicopter Rotor

Jialin Song,¹Yang Lu,²Yongli Wang,³and Yi Lu³

Academic Editor: Gordon R. Pennock

Received21 Jul 2019

Revised18 Aug 2019

Accepted10 Nov 2019

Published01 Feb 2020

Abstract

The stiffness and elastic deformation of a 4-DoF parallel manipulator with three asymmetrical legs are studied systematically for supporting helicopter rotor. First, a 4-DoF 2SPS + RRPR type parallel manipulator with two linear SPS type legs and one RRPR type composite leg is constructed and its constraint characteristics are analyzed. Second, the formulas for solving the elastic deformation and the stiffness matrix of the above mentioned three asymmetrical legs are derived. Third, the formulas for solving the total stiffness matrix and the elastic deformation of this manipulator are derived and analyzed. Finally, its finite element model is constructed and its elastic deformations are solved using both the derived theoretical formulas and the finite element model. The theoretical solutions of the elastic deformations are verified by that of the finite element model.

1. Introduction

Various less mobility (less than 6-DoF) parallel manipulators (PMs) have been applied widely due to their merits, such as good performances in accuracy, rigidity, ability to manipulate large loads, and they are simple in structure and easy to control [1, 2]. Among them, some less mobility PMs with composite active constrained legs attract more attention because they have larger workspace, better flexibility and fewer legs for avoiding interferences easily; the unnecessary tiny self-movement can be eliminated by the composite active constrained legs; more actuators can be installed onto the base for reducing vibration [1, 2]. Therefore, this type of PMs have potential applications for supporting helicopter rotor, airplane operation simulator, parallel machine tools, micro manipulators, sensors, surgical manipulators, tunnel borers, barbettes of war ship, and satellite surveillance platforms. Stiffness is one of the important performances of PMs, because higher stiffness allows larger variable load and higher speeds with higher precision of the end-effector [3]. Therefore, it is significant to analyze the stiffness and to evaluate elastic deformation of this type of PMs in the early design stage. Let (R, P, U, S) be (revolute, prismatic, universal, spherical) joint, respectively. In this aspect, Gosselin and Zhang developed virtual joint method allowed taking into account the links flexibility, which were presented as rigid beams supplemented by linear and torsional springs [3]. Zhang and Lang Sherman [4] established a stiffness modeling for PMs with one passive leg. Dong et al. [5] analyzed the stiffness modeling and stiffness distributions of a 5-DOF hybrid robot by considering the component compliances associated with the elements of both the PM and the wrist. Li and Xu [6] derived stiffness matrix of a 3-PUU PM based on an overall Jacobian using the screw theory by considering the effect of actuations and constraints. Yang et al. [7] studied elastostatic stiffness modeling of over constrained PMs. Zhou et al. [8] derived the stiffness matrix of a redundantly actuated parallel mechanism based on the overall Jacobian. Based on strain energy and Castigliano’s theorem, Enferadi and Tootoonchi [9] obtained mathematical model of the manipulator stiffness matrix. Pashkevich et al. [10] proposed a methodology to enhance the stiffness of serial and parallel manipulators with passive joints, the manipulator elements are presented as pseudo-rigid bodies separated by multidimensional virtual springs and perfect passive joints; they [11] also presented a stiffness modeling method for overconstrained PMs with flexible links and compliant actuating joints and the method of FEA-based link stiffness evaluation. Zhao et al. [12] deduced continuous stiffness matrix of a foldable PM for ship-based and the translation and rotational stiffness along any direction. Pham and Chen [13] established the stiffness model based on the way the flexure members are connected together in serial or parallel combinations. Chen et al. [14] derived a stiffness matrix of 3CPS PM based on the principle of virtual work considering the compliances subject to both actuators and legs. Shan et al. [15] established a overall stiffness model of the 2(3PUS+S) PM through a stiffness modeling method of a serial system. Hao and Kong [16] analyzed the mobility of spatial compliant multi-beam modules and derived their compliance matrices using a normalization technique. Wang et al. [17] investigated the stiffness characteristics of a hexaglide parallel loading machine, and derived its total stiffness matrix based on Jacobian matrix and statics. Lu et al. [18, 19] solved stiffness and elastic deformation for some less mobility PMs and serial-parallel manipulators by virtual mechanisms. Others [20–22] studied the stiffness and elastic deformation of PMs using above similar approaches and the virtual experiments in CAD environment. The above mentioned approaches for different PMs have their own merits. Since the above mentioned PMs are symmetrical in the structure and the distribution of active legs, the established stiffness matrices are symmetrical, and the elastic deformations of PMs can be solved more easily.

A 2SPS + RRPR type PM is a 4-DoF PM with three asymmetrical legs [23]. When the base of the 2SPS + RRPR type PM is fixed on top of the helicopter, and the rotor and its rotational actuator are installed on the moving platform of the 2SPS + RRPR type PM, the 2SPS + RRPR type PM can be used for the helicopter rotor supporter. Comparing with existing 4-DOF PM, the 2SPS + RRPR type PM has several merits as follows: (1) The stability and the capability of load bearing can be increased, the force situations can be improved, and the position workspace and the orientation workspace can be increased largely by rotating a revolute joint which connects the RRPR type composite leg with the base. (2) The unnecessary tiny self-movement can be removed and the precision can be increased using the RRPR type composite leg. (3) The number of oscillating legs is reduced, and the interference can be avoided easily. (4) The more actuators can be installed onto the base for reducing vibration.

Since the structure of the 2SPS + RRPR type PM is asymmetrical, it is a challenging and a significant issue to study the stiffness and elastic deformation of the 4-DOF PMs with asymmetrical structure by considering its constrained force. Therefore, this paper focuses on the study of the total stiffness and the elastic deformation of the 2SPS + RRPR PM by taking into account the elastic deformation due to constrained wrench. A finite element model of this PM is constructed for verifying the analytic solutions.

2. Kinematics and Statics of 2SPS + RRPR Type PM

A 2SPS + RRPR type PM for supporting helicopter rotor is shown in Figure 1(a). The 2SPS + RRPR PM is composed of a moving platform , a fixed base , and 2 SPS (spherical joint-active prismatic joint-spherical joint) type legs with the linear actuator, and one RRPR (active revolute joint- revolute joint -active prismatic joint-revolute joint) type composite active leg with a linear actuator and a rotational actuator, see Figure 1(b). Here, is an equilateral ternary link with 3 sides , 3 vertices , and a center point . is an equilateral ternary link with 3 sides , 3 vertices , and a center point . Each of connects to by a spherical joint at , a leg with active prismatic joint , and at . The RRPR-type constrained composite active leg connects to by a universal joint attached to at , a constrained leg with active prismatic joint , a revolute joint attached to at . The universal joint at is composed of two cross revolute joints and . Here, is connected with a rotational actuator. Therefore, the moving platform of the 2SPS + RRPR type PM has 4 DOFs corresponding three rotations about , and one translation along limb . The degree of freedom of the 2SPS + RRPR type PM has been calculated and verified using its simulation mechanism in [23]. Since each of the SPS-type active legs only bears the active force along , it obviously has relative larger capacity of load bearing and is simple in structure. In addition, the unnecessary tiny self-movement of the 4-DoF 2SPS + RRPR PM can be eliminated effectively and its workspace can be enlarged by the RRPR-type constrained composite active leg . Comparing with other 4-DOF PMs with four active legs, the 2SPS+RRPR PM with three active legs has merits as follows: (1) The interference among three active legs and the moving platform can be avoided easily. (2) Its whole mechanism is simplified. (3) Its moving platform provides more room for installing the helicopter rotor, finger mechanisms, tools.

(a)

(b)

(c)

A prototype of the reconfigurable 3SPS experimental model is built, see Figure 1(c). It includes a , a and 3 reconfigurable SPS-type legs . Each of connects to by a spherical joint at a reconfigurable leg with active prismatic joint , and at b_i. Here, and are the same as that of the 2SPS+RRPR PM. Each of S joints is composed of three revolute joints . It can be transformed into a joint by adding one pin or be transformed into a joint by adding two pins. Thus, the 2SPS + RRPR PM can be constructed easily from the prototype of reconfigurable 3SPS model to transform the upper joint of into joint by adding two pins, to transform the lower joint of into joint by adding one pin, and to add a rotational actuator onto the vertical revolute joint of joint.

Let be a perpendicular constraint, || be a parallel constraint. Several geometric constraints (R₁ being coincident with the axis of motor, being coincident with , and ) are satisfied in this PM. Let be a coordinate frame - fixed on at be a coordinate frame - fixed on at . Let (, , ) be three Euler angles of be one of (, ). Set , and . The position vectors of on in , the position vectors of on in , the position vectors of on in , and the position vector of on in , the unit vectors of and the vector of the line in can be expressed as follows: [23]

here, (, ) are the components of in ; is a rotational transformation matrix from to () are nine orientation parameters of .

The formulas for solving (), and are derived from Equation (1) and represented as follows:

here, is the distance from to is the distance from to .

Under the geometric constraints of the RRPR-type constraining active leg is formed by 3 rotations of (), namely, a rotation of about -axis i.e., , followed by a rotation of about -axis i.e., , and a rotation of about -axis i.e., . Here, is formed by rotating about by , and is formed by rotating about by , see Figure 2. Each of () can be expressed by () from Equations (1) and (2) as follows:

, and can be expressed by () from Equation (1) to Equation (3) as follows:

The force situation of the 2SPS + RRPR PM is shown in Figure 2. The whole workloads can be simplified as a wrench () applied onto m at o. Here, is a concentrated force and is a concentrated torque. () includes the inertia wrench and the gravity of m, and inertia wrench and the gravity of the active legs and the external working wrench.

After solving the kinematics of the general PM and its legs, () can be solved [23]. () are balanced by 3 active forces , an active torque , and 2 constrained forces . Here, each of due to the linear actuators is applied on and along at , its unit vector is the same as that of ; due to the motor 1 is applied on at and coincident with .

Let be the unit vector of be the arm vector from to . Let and be the translational and angular velocities. Since limits the movement of PMs, based on principle of virtual work in [23], it is known that does not produce any power. Thus, there are

Thus, the geometric constrains of are determined in [23] as follows: (1) Let be a velocity along prismatic joint in i.e., must be satisfied. (2) Let be a unit vector of revolute joints in . Let be a torque of about must be satisfied. Thus, each of must either intersect or be parallel with all the revolute joints in . Thus, the geometric constrained conditions { intersecting with both and at point intersecting with both and at point } are satisfied.

From the geometric constrains of , it leads to

The general input velocity , the general output velocity in and have been derived based on Equations (4)–(6) as follows:

here, is a 6×6 Jacobian matrix of the 2SPS+RRPR PM, is an angular velocity of (motor 1).

3. Stiffness Matrix and Elastic Deformation of SPS-Type Legs and RRPR-Type Leg

Suppose that the rigid platform is elastically suspended and by 3 elastic active legs and is constrained by one elastic constrained leg . If only small displacements from its unpreloaded equilibrium position are considered, the overall wrench–deflection relation of the mechanism is linear elasticity. Based on the constructed workspace, each of length of piston/cylinder for active legs and constrained leg can be determined. Let and be the length, the section of a piston, the moment of inertia, and the rotational moment of inertia of leg , respectively. Let , and be the length, the section, the moment of inertia, and the rotational moment of inertia of a cylinder of , respectively. Let and be the modulus of elasticity and the rotational modulus of elasticity for leg , (). When each of the active forces applies onto the SPS-type active leg and the RRPR-type constrained active leg and along , the longitudinal elastic differential deformation of leg , see Figure 3(a).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The longitudinal elastic differential deformations of the SPS-type active leg and the RRPR-type composite active leg under (a), The transverse elastic differential deformations of the RRPR-type composite leg r₂ under (b, c) and (d).

When each of the active forces applies onto the SPS-type active leg and the RRPR-type constrained active leg and along , the longitudinal elastic differential deformation of leg (see Figure 3(a)) can be solved as below [24]

here, is a longitudinal stiffness of SPS active leg and RRPR-type constrained active leg .

The active torque consists of a component along and a component perpendicular to (see Figure 3(b)). They can be expressed as follows:

When is exerted onto leg at universal joint and is satisfied, the transverse elastic differential deflection of at its end (Figure 3(b)) can be solved in [24] as follows:

When is exerted onto leg at universal joint, the elastic rotational differential deformation of leg at its end can be solved based on the elastic deformation formula in [24] as below

here, and are the transverse and rotational stiffness of leg vs. and , respectively.

From Equations (10)–(12), it leads to

When is exerted onto leg at point and is satisfied, the transverse elastic differential deflection of at its end (see Figure 3(c)) can be solved [24] as follows:

here is a transverse stiffness of r₂ vs. .

When is exerted onto leg at point and is satisfied, the elastic rotational differential deformation of leg at its end can be solved in [24] as follows:

Similarly, from Equations (15) and (16), it leads to

When is exerted onto leg at and is satisfied, the transverse elastic differential deflection of at its end (see Figure 3(d)) can be solved in [24] as follows:

Since is satisfied, both and are the elastic rotational differential deformations of , an equation of force-deformation for the 2SPS + RRPR PM is derived from Equation (8) to Equation (16) as follows:

here, is a 6 × 6 symmetric total stiffness matrix of the legs .

4. Total Stiffness Matrix and the Elastic Deformation of 2SPS+RRPR PM

Based on principle of virtual work in [22], it is known that when a deformed mechanical system keeps a static balance under all external wrenches, the sum of the work generated by all external wrenches along virtual displacements of the mechanical system and the work produced by all internal wrenches along virtual deformations of the same mechanical system must be zero. Therefore, the sum of the work generated by () along deformations of the 2SPS + RRPR PM and the work produced by () along the displacements of point in must be zero. Let () be 3 translational components of the elastic differential deformation of at in ; () be 3 rotational components of the elastic differential deformation of in . Thus, based on the theorem of work and energy equal to each other, from Equation (7) to Equation (17), it leads to

Thus, from Equations (7), (14), and (15), it leads to

Here

here is a 6 × 6 symmetric total stiffness matrix of this manipulator; () are the 6 elastic deformation components of platform. When given , the elastic differential deformation of this manipulator can be solved from Equation (19).

5. Analytic Solved Example of Elastic Deformation for 2SPS+RRPR PM

In the 2SPS + RRPR type PM, let initial independent pose variables vary vs. time when given pose parameters (), see Figures 4(a) and 4(b).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Set ; and , the diameter of piston and cylinder for active legs are . By using the relevant theoretical equations and Matlab, the extensions of and α are solved, see Figure 4(a). The position components () of the moving platform are solved, see Figure 4(b). Three active forces , one active torque , two constrained forces and are solved, see Figures 4(c) and 4(d). The longitudinal deformations of are solved, see Figure 4(e). The position deformations of at are solved, see Figure 4(f). The angular deformations of are solved, see Figure 4(g). The transverse deformations and and the rotational deformations and of are solved, see Figure 4(h).

When . is solved from Equations (7) and (20) as follows:

6. A FE Model of 2SPS + RRPR PM and Its Solutions

A 3D assembly mechanism of the 2SPS + RRPR PM is constructed in SolidWorks [25]. Next, its finite element (FE) model is generated in ANSYS, see Figure 5. All relative geometry and material parameters of the 3D simulation assembly mechanism are the same as that in Section 5. The 3 equivalent revolute joints for 3 actuated revolute joints and 4 equivalent spherical joints for 4 actuated spherical joints are constructed, see Figure 5(a). The applied loads are shown in Figure 5(b). The boundary condition are explained as follows:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(1)If no setting is given, all the assembly parts in the FE model may constitute the same elastic body. Therefore, each of the assembly spherical joints in FE model constitutes the same elastic body. The simulation 3D assembly of spherical joints is used only for varying the pose of PM and the workload applied on at .(2)All the relative geometry parameters of the 3D simulation assembly mechanism are the same as that in Section 5. The material parameters of are set as the same as that in Section 5.(3)Construct 3 equivalent spherical joints for 4 actuated spherical joints, see Figure 5(a). Here, the diameters at the two ends of the SPS-type legs are reduced sharply.(4)Construct 3 equivalent revolute joints for the actuated revolute joints , see Figures 5(a) and 5(b). Here, two holes for each of equivalent revolute joints are constructed and kept coincident with each other; the rotational stiffness and the axial stiffness are set as 0 and 1 × 10¹⁰ N/mm, respectively, according to the requirement for revolute joint in software.(5)Each of the 3 linear active legs with prismatic joints is formed using the elastic linear rod, which is assigned by the alloy steel. Set SPS leg , SPS leg , RRPR leg .(6)A fixed constraint is added onto the base, which is assigned by the alloy steel with rigid body.(7)The workload wrench and are applied onto at , which is assigned by the alloy steel with the rigid body, see Figure 5(b).

Some solved results of the elastic deformations are shown in Figures 5(c)–5(g) and Table 1.

An existing CAD software provides a function for automatically optimal mesh in order to avoid singularity element and to obtain the suitable results of finite element analysis (FEM). Therefore, the 3D assembly mechanism of the 2SPS + RRPR PM is automatically meshed by the function for automatically optimal mesh.

7. Analysis of Stiffness and Elastic Deformation of 2SPS+RRPR PM

Several conclusions are obtained from theoretical and simulation solutions as follows:

(1)The solved results of FE model in most cases are approximate numerical results which depend on some key factors such as finite element dimension and type, equivalence between actual joints and simulation joints, selected material parameter, solver, reasonable boundary constraints and connection constraints [23].(2)It is known from Table 1 that the elastic deformations of FE model of this PM are basically coincident with that of theoretical ones in Section 5.(3)It is known from Figures 4(e) and 4(h) that the transverse elastic deformations (0.5→1.2 × 10⁻⁴) of due to the constrained forces are greatly larger than the longitudinal elastic deformation (0.5→2.5 × 10⁻⁷) of due to active forces . It implies that the constrained wrench has great influence on the elastic deformation of this PM.(4)It is known from Figure 4(c), h that the transverse elastic deformations of due to the constrained forces is larger than the transverse elastic deformation of due to active torque . The transverse elastic deformations and elastic rotational deformation of the SPS-type legs is 0. Therefore, the diameter of piston and cylinder of should be increased.(5)It is known from Figure 4(h) that the elastic rotational deformation of due to and the elastic rotational deformation of due to are inversely proportional to each other.

8. Conclusions

A 2SPS + RRPR parallel manipulator with asymmetrical structure is suitable for the helicopter rotor supporting base.

The formulas for solving the stiffness matrix and the elastic deformation of its three asymmetrical legs are derived. The formulas for solving its total stiffness matrix and the elastic deformation are derived based on the Jacobian matrix and the stiffness matrix of three asymmetrical legs. Both the stiffness matrix of its three asymmetrical legs and its total stiffness matrix are 6 × 6 symmetric matrices, although this manipulator has asymmetrical structure.

The constrained wrench must be taken into account when establishing its total stiffness matrix and solving its elastic deformation.

The proposed methodological results can be applied to other less mobility parallel manipulators with asymmetrical structure and active legs for solving the elastic deformations of asymmetrical active legs and the elastic deformations of moving platform.

Nomenclatures

DoF:	Degree of freedom
PM:	Parallel manipulator
, :	Base and moving platform
:	Coordinate frame - fixed on
:	Coordinate frame - fixed on
:	The center point of
:	The center point of
:	The vertices of
, :	The side of
:	The distances from to
:	The distances from to
:	Active leg and its length
:	Three revolute joints
, :	Revolute joint, prismatic joint
:	Universal joint and spherical joint
, :	Position components of in
, , :	Three Euler angles of
:	Rotational transformation matrix
:	Jacobian matrix
:	Modulus of elasticity for
:	Rotational modulus of elasticity for
:	The total complacence matrix of PM
:	The active torque
:	Linear inertia moment of
:	Rotational inertia moment of
:	The general input velocity
:	The general output velocity in
, , , , , , :	Nine orientation parameters of
:	The input velocity along active leg
:	The linear and angular velocities of at in
:	The concentrated force and torque applied on at
:	The active forces and their unit vectors
:	The constrained forces and their unit vectors
:	The components of
:	The components of
:	The components of
:	6 × 6 total stiffness matrix of the legs
:	A longitudinal stiffness of
:	The transverse and rotational stiffness of leg
:	Transverse stiffness of in plane with
:	The stiffness matrix of PM
:	The longitudinal elastic differential deformation of leg
:	3 deformation components of at in
:	3 rotational deformation components of m in
:	Elastic differential deformation of at in
:	Transverse elastic differential deflection of at its end
:	Rotational deformations of
:	Differential deformations of 3 Euler angles of
:	One of (, λ, ),
:	The length of for piston, for cylinder
:	The cross-section and the diameters of
:	Perpendicular, parallel collinear constraint.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Major Research Project (91748125) supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.

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Copyright © 2020 Jialin Song et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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