A Historical Review of Medical Robotic Platforms

Table 1

Robotic systems that were developed during decade I, from 1990 to 2000 (first generations).

No	Robotic system	Company	Year	Regulatory status	Procedures
1	NeuroMate®	Currently–Renishaw plc, UK	1987	FDA–1997 (First model); CE mark–1997	Deep brain stimulation (DBS), stereoelectroence-phalography (SEEG) [1, 2, 11, 17]
2	ROBODOC® Surgical System	Current–Think Surgical, USA	1992	CE mark–1996; FDA–1998 (THA); FDA–2009 (TKA)	Total hip arthroplasty,; Total knee arthroplasty [1, 7, 14, 15]
3	AESOP™ Robotic Surgical System	Computer Motion Inc., USA	1993	FDA–1994 (first model)	MIS–urologic, thoracic, cardiac, etc. fields [8, 17]
4	CyberKnife®	Accuray Inc, USA	1994	FDA–2001	Radiosurgery, SBRT, Hypothalamic hamartomas [1, 18, 19, 21]
5	Zeus® Robotic Surgical System	Computer Motion Inc., USA	1995	FDA–2001	MIS, cardiac procedures [1, 8]
6	CASPAR®	Orto-Manquet/U.R.S, Germany	1997	N/A	TKA, THA, anterior crucial ligament repair [1, 14, 22]
7	Da Vinci® Surgical System	Intuitive Surgical, USA	1999	FDA–2000 (first model)	MIS [1, 2, 4, 8, 24]