A Historical Review of Medical Robotic Platforms

Table 2

Robotic systems that were impactful during decade II, from 2000 to 2010 (middle generations).

No	Robotic system	Company	Year	Regulatory status	Procedures
1	AcuBot	Urobotics Lab, USA	2001	NA	Percutaneous access, radiological percutaneous interventions [25, 26]
2	PathFinder™	Current–Prosurgics, UK	2001	FDA–2004	Stereotactic neurosurgery, brain tumors, Parkinson’s disease, and epilepsy [27, 28]
3	InnoMotion	Current–DePuy Synthesis Inc., USA	Initial model–2001	CE mark 2005	MRI-guided percutaneous interventions [25, 31, 32]
4	Niobe™ ES Magnetic Navigation System	Stereotaxis, USA	2003	CE mark–2008; FDA–2009	Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, catheter interventions, endoscopy [33, 35]
5	Raven Surgical System	Universities of Washington and California, USA	2005	NA	MIS [36, 37]
6	Sensei®	Current–Auris Health, USA	Initial Experiment–2005	FDA–2007	Catheter interventions, atrial fibrillation [33, 38]
7	NeuroArm™	Current–IMRIS Inc., Canada	2006	FDA–2008	Microsurgery, stereotaxy, neurosurgery, treatment of glioma, [2, 5, 6, 39]
8	FreeHand® v1.2	Free hand 2010 ltd, UK	2008	FDA–2009	Laparoscopy, MIS [1, 24]
9	Telelap ALF-X	Current–TransEtrix Surgical Inc., USA	2008	CE mark–2011	Gynecological surgery [42], endoscopy, [43]
10	ROSA® Brain	Zimmer Biomet, France	2008	CE mark–2008 (from website); FDA–2012	Keyhole procedures, open skull operations, deep brain stimulation [1, 3, 4, 46]
11	Novalis® powered by TrueBeam™ STx	BrainLab Inc., Germany and Varian Medical System, USA	2010	NA	Radiosurgery, radiotherapy [1, 45]