A Historical Review of Medical Robotic Platforms

Table 3

Robotic systems that were developed in Decade III, from 2010 to 2020 (new generations).

No	Robotic system	Company	Year	Regulatory status	Procedures
1	Renaissance®	Current Medtronic, Ireland	2011	FDA and CE mark 2011, FDA–2012 (neuro procedure)	Biopsies, osteotomies, spinal deformities [1, 3, 4]
2	ROSA® spine	Zimmer Biomet, France	2012	FDA–2016; CE mark–2014 (from website)	Biopsies, planning, [3, 4, 17, 46]
3	Flex® robotic system	Medrobotics Corp., USA	2013	CE mark–2014; FDA–2015 (ENT), 2017 (colorectal surgery)	Laparoendoscopic single-port surgery (LESS), transoral surgery [24, 50, 51, 65]
4	MAKO™	Stryker	2015	FDA–2015 (TKA),; 2015 (THA)	Total Hip arthroplasty,; Total knee arthroplasty, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty [15, 53]
5	Senhance™ Surgical System	TransEtrix Surgical Inc., USA	2015	FDA–2017	Laparoscopy, gynecological procedures, hysterectomy [24, 54, 55]
6	Preceyes Surgical System	Preceyes BV, Netherlands	2016	CE mark–2019	Retina surgery, intraocular procedures [56]
7	Versius® Surgical System	CMR Surgical, UK	2016 (cadaveric trials); reveal–2018	CE mark–2019	Minimal access surgery, colorectal procedures [57, 58, 65]
8	Navio™ Surgical System	Current–Smith and Nephew, UK	2017	FDA–2016 (TKR)	Knee prosthesis positioning, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty [59]
9	SPORT™ Surgical System	Titan Medical Inc., Canada	2017	FDA–to be applied in 2020	MIS, single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SIL), LESS [17, 24, 61, 65]
10	Ion™ robotic-assisted platform	Intuitive surgical, USA	2017	FDA–2019	Minimal invasive biopsy, MIS
11	Monarch™ Platform	Aruis Health, USA	2018	FDA–2018	Peripheral bronchoscopy, endoscopy, [63]
12	Mazor X–Stealth™ Edition	Medtronic Plc., Ireland	2019	FDA–2018	Spine surgery, Pedicle Instrumentation, MIS [46, 47]