The Flight Mechanism of a Bird-like Flapping Wing Robot at a Low Reynolds Number

Figure 11

Velocity iso-surfaces of the flapping wing robot. (a), (b), (c) and (d): air velocity  = 6, 5, 4.8 and 3 in the steady state; (e), (f), (g) and (h): air velocity  = 0, 5, 6 and 10 in the transient state when the wing flaps upwards; (i), (j), (k) and (l): air velocity  = 0, 4, 6 and 10 in the transient state when the wing flaps downwards.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)