Research Article
Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Frequency Ratio Technique with Iterative Random Sampling
Table 3
Frequency ratio (FR) values by iterations of training data (TD) (bold FR values mean 1 > of FR value).
| Factor | Class | Number of pixels | % of class | 1st TD | 2nd TD | 3rd TD | 4th TD | 5th TD | Number of landslides | % of landslide | FR | Number of landslides | % of landslide | FR | Number of landslides | % of landslide | FR | Number of landslides | % of landslide | FR | Number of landslides | % of landslide | FR |
| Gradient | 0–4.52 | 587838 | 30.64 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.08 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.08 | 4.53–7.26 | 193369 | 10.08 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.48 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.48 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.48 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.48 | 7.27–11.30 | 184261 | 9.60 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.51 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 11.31–15.79 | 199096 | 10.38 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.71 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.47 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.47 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.71 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.47 | 15.80–18.44 | 185248 | 9.66 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.76 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.76 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.51 | 18.45–21.80 | 196464 | 10.24 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.67 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.67 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.91 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.43 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.67 | 21.81–26.33 | 182212 | 9.50 | 11 | 26.83 | 2.82 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.05 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.80 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.31 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.31 | 26.34–62.53 | 189912 | 9.90 | 16 | 39.02 | 3.94 | 18 | 43.90 | 4.43 | 17 | 41.46 | 4.19 | 20 | 48.78 | 4.93 | 17 | 41.46 | 4.19 |
| Plan curvature | Concave | 440473 | 22.96 | 24 | 58.54 | 2.55 | 22 | 53.66 | 2.34 | 20 | 48.78 | 2.12 | 23 | 56.10 | 2.44 | 23 | 56.10 | 2.44 | Flat | 1022631 | 53.31 | 5 | 12.20 | 0.23 | 5 | 12.20 | 0.23 | 11 | 26.83 | 0.50 | 6 | 14.63 | 0.27 | 10 | 24.39 | 0.46 | Convex | 455296 | 23.73 | 12 | 29.27 | 1.23 | 14 | 34.15 | 1.44 | 10 | 24.39 | 1.03 | 12 | 29.27 | 1.23 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.82 |
| Aspect | Flat | 470201 | 24.51 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | N | 200803 | 10.47 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.47 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.70 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.93 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.70 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.47 | NE | 171081 | 8.92 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.37 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.82 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.09 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.37 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.09 | E | 145731 | 7.60 | 7 | 17.07 | 2.25 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.93 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.89 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.61 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.61 | SE | 160910 | 8.39 | 14 | 34.15 | 4.07 | 14 | 34.15 | 4.07 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.91 | 14 | 34.15 | 4.07 | 16 | 39.02 | 4.65 | S | 178679 | 9.31 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.05 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.52 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.79 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.05 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.05 | SW | 184698 | 9.63 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.51 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.76 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.51 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | W | 176440 | 9.20 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.53 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.59 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.80 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.80 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.80 | NW | 229857 | 11.98 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.02 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.22 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.02 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.02 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.22 |
| Midslope position (MSP) | 0–0.13 | 192836 | 10.05 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.46 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.21 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.70 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.97 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.46 | 0.14–0.25 | 192834 | 10.05 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.18 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.94 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.94 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.43 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.43 | 0.26–0.35 | 192894 | 10.05 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.70 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.70 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.46 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.18 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.46 | 0.36–0.47 | 192316 | 10.02 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.97 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.97 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.22 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.22 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 0.48–0.57 | 197554 | 10.30 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.95 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.95 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.71 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.47 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.71 | 0.58–0.67 | 190370 | 9.92 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.74 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.74 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.74 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.74 | 0.68–0.77 | 191273 | 9.97 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.22 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 0.78–0.83 | 189560 | 9.88 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.74 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.74 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.23 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.23 | 0.84–0.90 | 219546 | 11.44 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 0.91–1.00 | 159217 | 8.30 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.29 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.29 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.29 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Topographic position index (TPI) | −28.29 to −5.52 | 191895 | 10.00 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | −5.51 to −3.50 | 191856 | 10.00 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | −3.49 to −2.16 | 191884 | 10.00 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | −2.15 to −1.15 | 191913 | 10.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | −1.14 to −0.40 | 191973 | 10.01 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.39–0.00 | 222180 | 11.58 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 0.01–1.00 | 184177 | 9.60 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.27 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.51 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.27 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.76 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.76 | 1.01–3.43 | 184220 | 9.60 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.52 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.52 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.27 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.78 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.03 | 3.44–7.28 | 184167 | 9.60 | 11 | 26.83 | 2.79 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.54 | 11 | 26.83 | 2.79 | 12 | 29.27 | 3.05 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.54 | 7.29–30.27 | 184135 | 9.60 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.03 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.29 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.03 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.78 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.03 |
| Stream power index (SPI) | 0–0.30 | 956705 | 49.87 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.34 | 10 | 24.39 | 0.49 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.34 | 6 | 14.63 | 0.29 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.34 | 0.31–0.64 | 195189 | 10.17 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.96 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.96 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.20 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.44 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.20 | 0.65–1.08 | 191396 | 9.98 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.71 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.47 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.20 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.47 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.22 | 1.09–1.59 | 191237 | 9.97 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.71 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.20 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.22 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.45 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.71 | 1.60–2.34 | 191242 | 9.97 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.96 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.47 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.22 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.47 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.96 | 2.35–12.74 | 192631 | 10.04 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.94 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.46 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.43 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.70 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.19 |
| Topographic wetness index (TWI) | 4.43–5.47 | 195462 | 10.19 | 23 | 56.10 | 5.51 | 21 | 51.22 | 5.03 | 23 | 56.10 | 5.51 | 22 | 53.66 | 5.27 | 18 | 43.90 | 4.31 | 5.48–5.67 | 187422 | 9.77 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.25 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.00 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.00 | 12 | 29.27 | 3.00 | 11 | 26.83 | 2.75 | 5.68–5.86 | 198082 | 10.33 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.18 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.47 | 5.87–6.07 | 187444 | 9.77 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.00 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.50 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.50 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.75 | 6.08–6.35 | 191019 | 9.96 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.47 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.22 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.47 | 6.36–6.73 | 192213 | 10.02 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 6.74–7.19 | 192409 | 10.03 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.20–7.66 | 191741 | 9.99 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.67–no data | 382608 | 19.94 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Soil thickness (unit: cm) | <20 | 269442 | 14.05 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.35 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.35 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.52 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.35 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.35 | 20−50 | 184425 | 9.61 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.52 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.78 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.52 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.27 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.03 | 50−100 | 940929 | 49.05 | 25 | 60.98 | 1.24 | 23 | 56.10 | 1.14 | 25 | 60.98 | 1.24 | 25 | 60.98 | 1.24 | 24 | 58.54 | 1.19 | >100 | 451703 | 23.55 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.83 | 9 | 21.95 | 0.93 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.73 | 9 | 21.95 | 0.93 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.73 | No data | 71901 | 3.75 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Soil material | Gneiss residuum | 1076813 | 56.13 | 31 | 75.61 | 1.35 | 29 | 70.73 | 1.26 | 31 | 75.61 | 1.35 | 29 | 70.73 | 1.26 | 31 | 75.61 | 1.35 | Granite residuum | 128052 | 6.67 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.37 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.73 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.73 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.73 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.73 | Acidic residuum | 433895 | 22.62 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.75 | 9 | 21.95 | 0.97 | 6 | 14.63 | 0.65 | 9 | 21.95 | 0.97 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.75 | River | 207739 | 10.83 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.45 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.45 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | No data | 71901 | 3.75 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Topography | Mountainous area | 650359 | 33.90 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.58 | 11 | 26.83 | 0.79 | 10 | 24.39 | 0.72 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.58 | 12 | 29.27 | 0.86 | Fluvial plains area | 202488 | 10.56 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.46 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.46 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | Valley area | 405521 | 21.14 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.92 | 10 | 24.39 | 1.15 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.81 | 11 | 26.83 | 1.27 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.92 | Hilly area | 465206 | 24.25 | 23 | 56.10 | 2.31 | 18 | 43.90 | 1.81 | 21 | 51.22 | 2.11 | 21 | 51.22 | 2.11 | 19 | 46.34 | 1.91 | Alluvial fan area | 35874 | 1.87 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Piedmont slope area | 81800 | 4.26 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.57 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.57 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.57 | Diluvium area | 5251 | 0.27 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | No data | 71901 | 3.75 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Timber diameter | Very small | 35455 | 1.85 | 8 | 19.51 | 10.56 | 9 | 21.95 | 11.88 | 8 | 19.51 | 10.56 | 9 | 21.95 | 11.88 | 9 | 21.95 | 11.88 | Small | 100945 | 5.26 | 12 | 29.27 | 5.56 | 12 | 29.27 | 5.56 | 10 | 24.39 | 4.64 | 12 | 29.27 | 5.56 | 13 | 31.71 | 6.03 | Medium | 861368 | 44.90 | 19 | 46.34 | 1.03 | 19 | 46.34 | 1.03 | 23 | 56.10 | 1.25 | 19 | 46.34 | 1.03 | 18 | 43.90 | 0.98 | Large | 33512 | 1.75 | 2 | 4.88 | 2.79 | 1 | 2.44 | 1.40 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 1.40 | 1 | 2.44 | 1.40 | No data | 887120 | 46.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Timber density | Loose | 39728 | 2.07 | 8 | 19.51 | 9.42 | 9 | 21.95 | 10.60 | 8 | 19.51 | 9.42 | 11 | 26.83 | 12.96 | 9 | 21.95 | 10.60 | Moderate | 118023 | 6.15 | 7 | 17.07 | 2.78 | 8 | 19.51 | 3.17 | 8 | 19.51 | 3.17 | 9 | 21.95 | 3.57 | 7 | 17.07 | 2.78 | Dense | 873529 | 45.53 | 26 | 63.41 | 1.39 | 24 | 58.54 | 1.29 | 25 | 60.98 | 1.34 | 23 | 56.10 | 1.23 | 25 | 60.98 | 1.34 | No data | 887120 | 46.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Lithology | Qa | 403382 | 21.03 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.23 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.12 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.12 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.23 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.12 | PCEggn | 1946 | 0.10 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | PCEpgn | 13277 | 0.69 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | PCEqf | 257984 | 13.45 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | PCEbgn | 1241811 | 64.73 | 39 | 95.12 | 1.47 | 40 | 97.56 | 1.51 | 40 | 97.56 | 1.51 | 39 | 95.12 | 1.47 | 40 | 97.56 | 1.51 |
| Factor | Class | Number of pixels | % of class | 6th TD | 7th TD | 8th TD | 9th TD | 10th TD | Number of landslides | % of landslide | FR | Number of landslides | % of landslide | FR | Number of landslides | % of landslide | FR | Number of landslides | % of landslide | FR | Number of landslides | % of landslide | FR |
| Gradient | 0–4.52 | 587838 | 30.64 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.08 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.08 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.08 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.08 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.08 | 4.53–7.26 | 193369 | 10.08 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.48 | 7.27–11.30 | 184261 | 9.60 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.51 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.51 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.51 | 11.31–15.79 | 199096 | 10.38 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.47 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.47 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.71 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 15.80–18.44 | 185248 | 9.66 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.76 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.76 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.01 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.51 | 18.45–21.80 | 196464 | 10.24 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.67 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.43 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.43 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.43 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.14 | 21.81–26.33 | 182212 | 9.50 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.57 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.57 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.31 | 12 | 29.27 | 3.08 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.31 | 26.34–62.53 | 189912 | 9.90 | 16 | 39.02 | 3.94 | 20 | 48.78 | 4.93 | 17 | 41.46 | 4.19 | 15 | 36.59 | 3.70 | 15 | 36.59 | 3.70 |
| Plan curvature | Concave | 440473 | 22.96 | 19 | 46.34 | 2.02 | 17 | 41.46 | 1.81 | 15 | 36.59 | 1.59 | 23 | 56.10 | 2.44 | 19 | 46.34 | 2.02 | Flat | 1022631 | 53.31 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.32 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.32 | 9 | 21.95 | 0.41 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.32 | 11 | 26.83 | 0.50 | Convex | 455296 | 23.73 | 15 | 36.59 | 1.54 | 17 | 41.46 | 1.75 | 17 | 41.46 | 1.75 | 11 | 26.83 | 1.13 | 11 | 26.83 | 1.13 |
| Aspect | Flat | 470201 | 24.51 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | N | 200803 | 10.47 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.93 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.70 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.93 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.93 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.17 | NE | 171081 | 8.92 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.82 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.55 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.37 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.82 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.82 | E | 145731 | 7.60 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.57 | 7 | 17.07 | 2.25 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.28 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.57 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.61 | SE | 160910 | 8.39 | 11 | 26.83 | 3.20 | 14 | 34.15 | 4.07 | 13 | 31.71 | 3.78 | 13 | 31.71 | 3.78 | 12 | 29.27 | 3.49 | S | 178679 | 9.31 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.31 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.79 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.05 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.79 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.79 | SW | 184698 | 9.63 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.01 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.27 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.76 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.76 | W | 176440 | 9.20 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.80 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.59 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.80 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.80 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.06 | NW | 229857 | 11.98 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.22 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.41 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.61 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.81 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.22 |
| Midslope position (MSP) | 0–0.13 | 192836 | 10.05 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.21 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.70 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.21 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.94 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 0.14–0.25 | 192834 | 10.05 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.43 | 11 | 26.83 | 2.67 | 11 | 26.83 | 2.67 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.70 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.43 | 0.26–0.35 | 192894 | 10.05 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.46 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.21 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.70 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.94 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.21 | 0.36–0.47 | 192316 | 10.02 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.46 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.46 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.22 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.46 | 0.48–0.57 | 197554 | 10.30 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.95 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.18 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.95 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.71 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.71 | 0.58–0.67 | 190370 | 9.92 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.47 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.23 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.23 | 0.68–0.77 | 191273 | 9.97 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 0.78–0.83 | 189560 | 9.88 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.99 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.74 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.99 | 0.84–0.90 | 219546 | 11.44 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 0.91–1.00 | 159217 | 8.30 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.29 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.29 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.29 |
| Topographic position index (TPI) | −28.29 to −5.52 | 191895 | 10.00 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | −5.51 to −3.50 | 191856 | 10.00 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | −3.49 to −2.16 | 191884 | 10.00 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | −2.15 to −1.15 | 191913 | 10.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | −1.14 to −0.40 | 191973 | 10.01 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.49 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | −0.39–0.00 | 222180 | 11.58 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.21 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01–1.00 | 184177 | 9.60 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.76 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.27 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.02 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.51 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.76 | 1.01–3.43 | 184220 | 9.60 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.03 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.29 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.03 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.03 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.54 | 3.44–7.28 | 184167 | 9.60 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.29 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.54 | 11 | 26.83 | 2.79 | 12 | 29.27 | 3.05 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.54 | 7.29–30.27 | 184135 | 9.60 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.29 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.29 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.78 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.29 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.78 |
| Stream power index (SPI) | 0–0.30 | 956705 | 49.87 | 9 | 21.95 | 0.44 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.39 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.39 | 10 | 24.39 | 0.49 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.39 | 0.31–0.64 | 195189 | 10.17 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.48 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.44 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.20 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.20 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.96 | 0.65–1.08 | 191396 | 9.98 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.71 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.47 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.20 | 1.09–1.59 | 191237 | 9.97 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.96 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.45 | 12 | 29.27 | 2.94 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.96 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.20 | 1.60–2.34 | 191242 | 9.97 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.96 | 8 | 19.51 | 1.96 | 6 | 14.63 | 1.47 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.20 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.71 | 2.35–12.74 | 192631 | 10.04 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.70 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.21 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.97 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.21 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.97 |
| Topographic wetness index (TWI) | 4.43–5.47 | 195462 | 10.19 | 18 | 43.90 | 4.31 | 23 | 56.10 | 5.51 | 19 | 46.34 | 4.55 | 21 | 51.22 | 5.03 | 20 | 48.78 | 4.79 | 5.48–5.67 | 187422 | 9.77 | 13 | 31.71 | 3.25 | 10 | 24.39 | 2.50 | 11 | 26.83 | 2.75 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.75 | 9 | 21.95 | 2.25 | 5.68–5.86 | 198082 | 10.33 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.71 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.94 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.47 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.94 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.71 | 5.87–6.07 | 187444 | 9.77 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.00 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.25 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.75 | 6.08–6.35 | 191019 | 9.96 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.22 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.73 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 4 | 9.76 | 0.98 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.22 | 6.36–6.73 | 192213 | 10.02 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 6.74–7.19 | 192409 | 10.03 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.20–7.66 | 191741 | 9.99 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.67–no data | 382608 | 19.94 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Soil thickness (unit: cm) | <20 | 269442 | 14.05 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.17 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.17 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.35 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.17 | 20–50 | 184425 | 9.61 | 8 | 19.51 | 2.03 | 4 | 9.76 | 1.01 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.78 | 5 | 12.20 | 1.27 | 7 | 17.07 | 1.78 | 50–100 | 940929 | 49.05 | 23 | 56.10 | 1.14 | 29 | 70.73 | 1.44 | 24 | 58.54 | 1.19 | 30 | 73.17 | 1.49 | 26 | 63.41 | 1.29 | >100 | 451703 | 23.55 | 9 | 21.95 | 0.93 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.73 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.83 | 6 | 14.63 | 0.62 | 7 | 17.07 | 0.73 | No data | 71901 | 3.75 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Soil material | Gneiss residuum | 1076813 | 56.13 | 29 | 70.73 | 1.26 | 33 | 80.49 | 1.43 | 29 | 70.73 | 1.26 | 32 | 78.05 | 1.39 | 31 | 75.61 | 1.35 | Granite residuum | 128052 | 6.67 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.73 | 3 | 7.32 | 1.10 | 3 | 7.32 | 1.10 | 2 | 4.88 | 0.73 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.37 | Acidic residuum | 433895 | 22.62 | 9 | 21.95 | 0.97 | 5 | 12.2 | 0.54 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.86 | 6 | 14.63 | 0.65 | 9 | 21.95 | 0.97 | River | 207739 | 10.83 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | 0 | 0.00. | 0.00 | No data | 71901 | 3.75 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Topography | Mountainous area | 650359 | 33.90 | 13 | 31.71 | 0.94 | 11 | 26.83 | 0.79 | 12 | 29.27 | 0.86 | 11 | 26.83 | 0.79 | 11 | 26.83 | 0.79 | Fluvial plains area | 202488 | 10.56 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.23 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Valley area | 405521 | 21.14 | 10 | 24.39 | 1.15 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.92 | 10 | 24.39 | 1.15 | 8 | 19.51 | 0.92 | 9 | 21.95 | 1.04 | Hilly area | 465206 | 24.25 | 16 | 39.02 | 1.61 | 22 | 53.66 | 2.21 | 17 | 41.46 | 1.71 | 21 | 51.22 | 2.11 | 20 | 48.78 | 2.01 | Alluvial fan area | 35874 | 1.87 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Piedmont slope area | 81800 | 4.26 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.57 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.57 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.57 | Diluvium area | 5251 | 0.27 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | No data | 71901 | 3.75 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Timber diameter | Very small | 35455 | 1.85 | 9 | 21.95 | 11.88 | 7 | 17.07 | 9.24 | 11 | 26.83 | 14.52 | 8 | 19.51 | 10.56 | 9 | 21.95 | 11.88 | Small | 100945 | 5.26 | 11 | 26.83 | 5.10 | 14 | 34.15 | 6.49 | 11 | 26.83 | 5.10 | 12 | 29.27 | 5.56 | 13 | 31.71 | 6.03 | Medium | 861368 | 44.90 | 20 | 48.78 | 1.09 | 18 | 43.90 | 0.98 | 17 | 41.46 | 0.92 | 20 | 48.78 | 1.09 | 18 | 43.90 | 0.98 | Large | 33512 | 1.75 | 1 | 2.44 | 1.40 | 2 | 4.88 | 2.79 | 2 | 4.88 | 2.79 | 1 | 2.44 | 1.40 | 1 | 2.44 | 1.40 | No data | 887120 | 46.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Timber density | Loose | 39728 | 2.07 | 9 | 21.95 | 10.60 | 7 | 17.07 | 8.24 | 11 | 26.83 | 12.96 | 8 | 19.51 | 9.42 | 9 | 21.95 | 10.60 | Moderate | 118023 | 6.15 | 8 | 19.51 | 3.17 | 11 | 26.83 | 4.36 | 7 | 17.07 | 2.78 | 7 | 17.07 | 2.78 | 12 | 29.27 | 4.76 | Dense | 873529 | 45.53 | 24 | 58.54 | 1.29 | 23 | 56.10 | 1.23 | 23 | 56.10 | 0.00 | 26 | 63.41 | 1.39 | 20 | 48.78 | 1.07 | No data | 887120 | 46.24 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1.23 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Lithology | Qa | 403382 | 21.03 | 1 | 2.44 | 0.12 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.35 | 3 | 7.32 | 0.35 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | PCEggn | 1946 | 0.10 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | PCEpgn | 13277 | 0.69 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | PCEqf | 257984 | 13.45 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | PCEbgn | 1241811 | 64.73 | 40 | 97.56 | 1.51 | 38 | 92.68 | 1.43 | 38 | 92.68 | 1.43 | 41 | 100.00 | 1.54 | 41 | 100.00 | 1.54 |
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Number of training data: 41 landslide occurrences. Abbreviations of Lithology. Qa: Alluvium; PCEggn: Granite Gneiss; PCEpgn: Porphyroblastic Gneiss; PCEqf: Quartzofeldspathic Gneiss; PCEbgn: Biotite Gneiss.
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