Based on the distribution of 275 species of ants native to the Iberian Peninsula (IP), we identified areas of endemism (AE) within its geographical limits and present a biogeographic regionalization using two complementary methods and two types of operational geographical units. For endemicity analysis (EA), we used a 100 km<sup>2</sup> grid cell, and for parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE), we used hydrological basins as natural units. The EA revealed twelve areas of endemism that were grouped into five consensus areas. These are the Northeastern area, South plateau, Guadalquivir Valley, Baetic System, and Iberian Peninsula (whole). PAE resulted in a cladogram that classified hydrological basins into at least two successively nested subsets: an Atlantic group that is more related to northern European fauna and an Iberian subset that is well supported by synapomorphies. The Iberian subset was differentiated into four main areas: (a) a Northeastern area formed by the Pyrenees and the Catalan Coastal Range, (b) a mainland area containing the Central System and Guadiana and Tajo valleys, (c) a Southern area consisting of the Guadalquivir Valley and the Baetic System, and (d) a Northern coastal area. The results showed congruence between the two methods since many of the synapomorphies are shared among the diagnostic and IP endemic species of the EA. Both EA and PAE showed the relevance of the heterogeneous peninsular orography that combines mountainous regions with valleys and plateaus, which have acted as historical barriers or corridors. The presence of numerous endemic species, particularly in the southern third of the IP, suggests that several Iberian refuges for ants originated during glacial periods. These areas constitute priority sites for the conservation of ants in particular and biodiversity in general on the IP and allow further research about the processes that generated these distributional patterns.

Diego López-Collar

Tania Escalante

Areas of Endemism and Biogeographic Regionalization of the Iberian Peninsula Based on Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Evaluation and conservation of local genetic resources of the domestic honey bee populations is important, especially in regions with high diversity levels as well as high honey bee colony density. Greece is rich in honey bee biodiversity, hosting several subspecies, with the status of them being, though, doubtful. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the genetic relationships of both stationary and movable honey bee populations, originating from many location throughout Greece. Two molecular markers were utilized, namely, the conserved mitochondrial <i>COI</i> gene and the highly variable complementary sex determination (<i>CSD</i>) gene. Samples were collected from nine distant populations: eight populations from colonies that followed the traditional stationary beekeeping model and one following the modern migratory beekeeping model type, where the hives are transferred from place to place according to the season. Regardless the beekeeping model, all populations were characterized by sufficient genetic diversity indicating no signs of inbreeding or any bottleneck effects. Nevertheless, genetic differentiation and phylogenetic analysis in comparison with haplotypes obtained from GenBank revealed a genetic admixture pattern suggesting that movement causes genetic homogeneity, occasionally in the stable reared populations as well. Interestingly, two populations, namely, Kastoria and Protokklisi, belonging to <i>A. m. macedonica</i> population, were significantly differentiated, supporting the maintenance of their genetic integrity. Unfortunately, on the other hand, genetic structure of the populations from Crete (Sasalos population) provided evidence that the indigenous breed from the island, <i>A. m. adami</i>, has probably gone extinct. Future management strategies should focus on the conservation of the local genetic resources in which distinct genetic identity has been sustained.

Konstantinos Zampakas

Maria V. Alvanou

Anastasia Kalapouti

Fani Hatjina

Chrysoula Tananaki

Katerina Melfou

Ioannis A. Giantsis

Genetic Profile of Greek Indigenous Honey Bee Populations, Local Extinctions, Geographical Distinction, and Patterns, by Using mtDNA COI and Nuclear CSD Gene Analysis Markers

Revealing phylogeographic structure is important for accurate subspecies delineation and understanding a species’ evolutionary history. In leopards (<i>Panthera pardus</i>), there are currently nine subspecies recognized. On the African continent, only one subspecies occurs (<i>P. p. pardus</i>), although mitochondrial DNA from historical samples suggests the presence of three putative continental clades: (1) West Africa (WA), (2) Central Africa (CA), and (3) Southern Africa (SA). So far, whole genome data did not recover this phylogeographic structure, although leopards in the southern periphery of their distribution range in Africa have not yet been investigated in detail. The Mpumalanga province of South Africa is of particular interest, as here, the CA and the SA clade possibly meet. The aim of this study was to characterize the first mitogenomes of African leopards from Mpumalanga, to help clarifying how South African leopards fit into continental patterns of genetic differentiation. Complete mitogenomes from nine leopards, including a strawberry leopard, were assembled <i>de novo</i> and included in phylogenetic analysis, in combination with 32 publicly available mitogenomes. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses identified two deeply diverged putative clades within South Africa, which were more genetically distinct than two subspecies in Asia. The clades dated back to 0.76-0.86 million years ago, indicating that they originated during the climatically unstable Mid-Pleistocene, as seen in other large mammals. The Pleistocene refuge theory states that the maintenance of savanna refugia in East and Southern Africa promoted the divergence between populations. As such, leopards may reflect the unique climatic history of southern Africa, which has resulted in eminent and endemic genetic diversity.

Laura Tensen

Arsalan Emami-Khoyi

Anubhab Khan

Gerrie Camacho

Lourens Swanepoel

Klaus Fischer

Mitogenomic Characterization of South African Leopards and the Effect of Past Climatic Events

The study of the trematodes of the family Notocotylidae Lühe, 1909, is continued using an integrated approach based on new data. A new genus, <i>Pseudonotocotylus</i> n. gen., has been identified, and two species new to science, <i>Notocotylus multipapillus</i> n. sp. and <i>Pseudonotocotylus martynenkoi</i> n. sp., have been discovered. The life cycle and morphology of developmental stages of the new species are described, and the molecular data for nuclear (28S) and mitochondrial markers (<i>cox1</i> and <i>nad1</i>) are presented. Sequences of <i>cox1</i> and <i>nad1</i> mtDNA genes were obtained for five previously studied notocotylid species for the first time. Phylogenetic relationships within Notocotylidae were inferred from the analysis of these markers, and the results obtained reveal some subtle differences in some of the notocotylid species despite their morphological similarities. Based on the differences in gene sequences among the species, two additional criteria are proposed to divide the genus <i>Notocotylus</i> into <i>Notocotylus</i> and <i>Pseudonotocotylus</i> n. gen. The criteria are based on, first, having the Pulmonata or Prosobranchia group of snails as the first intermediate host and, second, molecular properties, as shown by substitutions specific to genus at various nucleotide locations in alignments for 28S and <i>cox1</i>.

Anna V. Izrailskaia

Yulia V. Tatonova

Yulia V. Belousova

New Genus and Two New Species of Notocotylidae Lühe, 1909 (Digenea), from Russia: Morphomolecular Data

Two new species of the genus <i>Dugesia</i> from Southern China are described by applying an integrative approach, including morphological, karyological, histological, and molecular information. In the molecular phylogenetic tree, the two new species, <i>Dugesia pendula</i> Chen & Dong, sp. nov. and <i>Dugesia musculosa</i> Chen & Dong, sp. nov., fall into an Eastern Palearctic/Oriental clade and an Oriental/Australasian clade, respectively, while sharing only a rather distant relationship. The separate specific status of the two new species is supported also by their genetic distances. <i>Dugesia pendula</i> is characterized by the following features: symmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal, a duct between seminal vesicle and diaphragm, small diaphragm, dorsally located seminal vesicle, a penis papilla suspended from the dorsal wall of the male atrium, and mixoploid karyotype with diploid complements of <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24.029pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M1" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 24.029 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.661,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.901,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-121"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.8,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23.017pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="56.0131838 -8.34882 23.017 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.063,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.303,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,71.449,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-36"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"/><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.328pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="81.9351838 -8.34882 26.328 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,81.985,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.131,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,101.667,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg></span> B-chromosome, with all chromosomes being metacentric. <i>Dugesia musculosa</i> is characterized by the following features: asymmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal; a ventrally displaced ejaculatory duct with a terminal opening; two diaphragms; a bursal canal provided with a strong, thick layer of circular muscle, which extends from the copulatory bursa to the common atrium and gonoduct; the left vas deferens opening at the midlateral wall of the seminal vesicle, while the right sperm duct opens at the dorsolateral wall of the seminal vesicle; and karyotype consisting of complicated diploid and aneuploid mosaicism, with diploid complements of <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24.029pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M3" height="8.55521pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 24.029 8.55521"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.398,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24.77pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" height="8.55521pt" 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The uncommon karyotypes, combined with the asexual reproduction of aneuploid animals, are evaluated in the context of the relationship between ploidy levels and reproductive modalities in the genus <i>Dugesia</i>.

Lei Wang

Shi-Qing Zhu

Fu-Hao Ma

Xiang-Jun Li

Yu-Hao Zhao

Xin-Xin Sun

Ning Li

Ronald Sluys

De-Zeng Liu

Zi-Mei Dong

Guang-Wen Chen

Two New Species of Freshwater Planarian (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae, <i>Dugesia</i>) from Southern China Exhibit Unusual Karyotypes, with a Discussion on Reproduction in Aneuploid Species

Accurate phylogenetic reconstructions are crucial for comprehending the evolutionary histories, reproductive traits, and ecological habits of organisms. The subfamily Gonideinae of freshwater mussels is currently thought to include eight tribes. However, due to inadequate taxon sampling and molecular data, the assignment of the freshwater mussel genus <i>Inversidens</i> at the tribe level has been unstable. Additionally, the lack of phylogenetic data has hindered efforts to understand the basic biology and implementation of conservation efforts of <i>Inversidens rentianensis</i>, an endemic species to China. Here, we first present the complete mitochondrial genome of <i>Inversidens rentianensis</i> and offer a detailed description of its anatomical morphology. Based on DNA sequence data from five genes (COI, ND1, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA) and complete mitochondrial genomes, we investigated the phylogenetic position of <i>Inversidens</i> using various analytical methods. Both the concatenated five-gene and mitogenome datasets strongly supported that <i>Inversidens</i> classified to the tribe Gonideini in Gonideinae and formed a basal clade within the tribe Gonideini. Molecular dating analysis suggested that <i>Inversidens</i> originated during the mid-Cretaceous era (102.73 Mya, 95% highest posterior density <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="47.126pt" style="vertical-align:-2.26807pt" id="M1" height="11.5564pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 47.126 11.5564"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-41" d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><path id="g190-73" d="M729 650H468V622C546 615 554 610 554 527V365H213V527C213 610 221 616 297 622V650H38V622C120 616 128 611 128 527V123C128 39 120 34 40 28V0H303V28C221 34 213 40 213 123V322H554V123C554 39 546 34 460 28V0H728V28C647 34 639 39 639 123V527C639 610 647 615 729 622V650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.456,0)"><path id="g190-81" d="M46 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80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.017,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-58"/></g></svg></span> Mya). Moreover, based on the Quantitative Assessment of Species for Conservation (QASCP), <i>Inversidens rentianensis</i> is ranked as second priority, providing valuable insights for its management and conservation efforts. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the systematic position and evolutionary history of <i>Inversidens</i> within the currently accepted subfamily Gonideinae classification framework. These findings establish a solid foundation for future investigations on the ecology, reproductive behavior patterns, and conservation biology of this taxonomic group.

Ruiwen Wu

Liping Zhang

Lili Liu

Junli Jia

Xiongjun Liu

Unraveling the Phylogenetic Relationships and Taxonomic Status of a Puzzling Freshwater Mussel Genus <i>Inversidens</i> (Bivalvia, Unionidae) through Multilocus Phylogeny and Mitochondrial Phylogenomics

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<p>Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research is a peer-reviewed, international forum for publication of high-quality research on systematic zoology and evolutionary biology.</p>


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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research is a peer-reviewed, international forum for publication of high-quality research on systematic zoology and evolutionary biology.

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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

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