The Physiopathological Role of IL-33: New Highlights in Bone Biology and a Proposed Role in Periodontal Disease

Table 2

Role of IL-1 cytokine family members in periodontal disease.

Common name	IL-1 family name	Periodontal disease (PD) association
IL-1𝛼 [1, 22]	IL-1F1	(i) Increased in gingival crevicular fluid (indicative of the severity of PD) [25, 26]; (ii) Associated with probing depth and attachment loss [26, 27]; (iii) Influx of neutrophils and monocytes [28, 29]; (iv) Stimulation of the production of PGE2 [30, 31]
IL-1𝛽 [1, 22, 32]	IL-1F2	(i) Increased in gingival crevicular fluid [26, 33]; (ii) Induce the production of prostaglandin E2 by fibroblasts, monocytes, and macrophages [30, 33]; (iii) Potentiate the effect of TNF-𝛼 (synergistic effect) [18, 22, 34]
IL-1Ra [1, 15, 16, 27]	IL-F3	(i) Inflammatory mediators [27]; (ii) Reduction indicates severity of the PD [27]
IL-33 [1]	IL-F11	(i) IL-33 can be produced in response to bacterial presence [36]; (ii) Act as “alarm,” as chemoattractant, and as a systemic cytokine [7, 25]; (iii) Produce several of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines [1, 7, 19, 20]; (iv) Mast cell degranulation [37]; (v) Destruction of fibroblasts and epithelial cells by necrosis [37]; (vi) TNF-𝛼 overexpressing [38]