LPS from P. gingivalis and Hypoxia Increases Oxidative Stress in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts and Contributes to Periodontitis

Figure 4

NADPH-oxidase 4 (NOX4) occurrence in healthy and inflamed human tissue. Healthy gingival epithelium (a), periodontal ligament (b), and samples of gingivitis (c) or periodontitis (d) were obtained after the approval of the Ethics Committee of the University of Bonn and parental as well as patient’s allowance (). Monoclonal primary antibody against NOX4 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) was used in a concentration of 1 : 100. In gingival and PDL fibroblasts as well as in immune cells like leukocytes and in vessels, the immunoreactivity was primarily restricted to the cytosol and cell walls. Red arrows indicate examples for the typical distribution (Figures 4(c) and 4(d)). The scale bars indicate 200 μm in the surveys and 50 μm in the higher magnifications, respectively.

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