CD28 Genetic Variants Increase Susceptibility to Diabetic Kidney Disease in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Case Control Study

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.

Traits	Stage 1 ()			Stage 2 ()			Unselected T2DM patients for DKD-related traits ()
	DKD	Control	value	DKD	Control	value
Male/female	126/78	193/178	0.0245	591/228	315/248	<0.0001	632/664
Age (years)			<0.0001			<0.0001
Body mass index (kg/m^2)			<0.0001			<0.0001
Duration of diabetes (years)	10.00 (5.00, 15.00)	12.00 (10.00, 17.00)	<0.0001	10.00 (4.00, 14.00)	14.00 (10.00, 17.00)	<0.0001	7.00 (3.00, 12.00)
HbA1c (%)	8.90 (7.00, 9.90)	9.10 (7.50, 10.20)	0.0505	7.10 (6.30, 8.40)	8.20 (7.10, 9.50)	<0.0001	8.00 (6.90, 9.80)
DR (%)	36.70%	0%	—	34.62%	0%	—	25.92%
Plasma creatinine (μmol/L)	76.00 (59.00, 103.00)	56.00 (50.00, 66.00)	<0.0001	121.00 (84.80, 168.00)	63.50 (55.00, 73.00)	<0.0001	65.00 (54.00, 78.00)
eGFR (mL/(min·1.73 m^2))	85.01 (72.30, 95.01)	103.19 (93.88, 112.11)	<0.0001	83.06 (72.13, 95.00)	106.32 (97.49, 114.90)	<0.0001	98.40 (86.82, 107.97)
Urinary albumin excretion rate (mg/24 h)	128.13 (68.69, 315.00)	7.68 (2.88, 14.54)	<0.0001	106.46 (72.14, 295.21)	9.37 (3.53, 16.12)	<0.0001	18.12 (6.45, 30.23)

Data are shown as or median (interquartile range). The chi-square test was used to analyze the proportion. Student’s -test was used for normally distributed traits. The Wilcoxon test was used for skewed distributed traits. was considered statistically significant. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; DR: diabetic retinopathy; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.