Multiple Sclerosis International

Research Article

Repeated Working Memory Training Improves Task Performance and Neural Efficiency in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Controls

Table 3

(a) 2-back correct responses. Omnibuses of the ANCOVA (covariates: sex and age) for the number of correct responses during 2-back performance. Descriptive statistics are provided as mean and standard deviation. Statistically significant effects are highlighted in bold.


2-BACK CORRECT RESPONSES

MAIN EFFECTS	DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Group (F_1,52= 0.686, p=0.41, η² =.013)
Training (F_1,52= 7.12, p<0.01, =0.12)	UNTRAINED	S1	S2	S3
Session (F_2,51 =2.85, p=0.07, η² =0.10)	Mean	14.07	14.76	14.89
INTERACTIONS	SD	3.53	2.46	3.13
Training x Session
(F_2,51 =1.88, p=0.16, η² =0.07)
Training x Group	TRAINED	S1	S2	S3
(F_2,51 =0.017, p=0.90, η² =0.00)	Mean	14.41	16.62	16.80
Session x Group	SD	2.34	1.99	1.13
(F_2,51 =0.001, p=0.99, η² =0.00)
Training x Session x Group
(F_2,51 =0.126, p=0.88, η2 =0.005)

(b) 2-back reaction times for correct responses. Omnibuses of the ANCOVAs (covariates: sex and age) for the reaction times during 2-back performance. Within and between comparisons were conducted using Bonferroni post-hoc tests, and their corresponding significance levels (p) and effect sizes (Cohen’s d and its 95% confidence interval) are reported. Statistically significant effects are highlighted in bold. (U, untrained; T, trained).


2-BACK REACTION TIMES FOR CORRECT RESPONSES

MAIN EFFECTS	DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND MEANS COMPARISONS
Group (F_1,52= 1.72, p=0.19, η² =0.03)	UNTRAINED	S1	S2	S3	WITHIN GROUPS - UNTRAINED
Training (F_1,52= 15.70, p<0.001, =0.23)	Mean	662.38	636.48	605.37	S1-S2	p=0.31	d= 0.20	(-0.53, 0.93)
Session (F_2,51 = 7.27, p<0.01, =0.22)	SD	123.40	140.17	147.74	*S1-S3*	p<0.05	d= 0.42	(-0.32, 1.16)
INTERACTIONS					S2-S3	p=0.31	d= 0.22	(-0.51, 0.95)
Training x Session	TRAINED	S1	S2	S3	WITHIN GROUPS -TRAINED
(F_2,51 = 10.18, p<0.001, =0.29)	Mean	615.99	475.45	492.48	*S1-S2*	p<0.001	d= 1.23	(0.43, 2.02)
Training x Group	SD	134.11	91.03	92.63	*S1-S3*	p<0.001	d= 1.07	(0.29, 1.85)
(F_2,51 =1.93, p=0.17, η² =0.04)					S2-S3	p=1	d= -0.18	(-0.91, 0.54)
Session x Group	BETWEEN GROUPS ( U vs. T)
(F_2,51 =1.23, p=0.30, η² =0.05)	S1		S2	S3
Training x Session x Group	p=0.14		p<0.001	p<0.001
(F_2,51 =0.37, p=0.69, η² =0.014)	d= 0.36		d= 1.36	d=0.92
	(-0.37, 1.09)		(0.55, 2.17)	(0.15, 1.68)