Repeated Working Memory Training Improves Task Performance and Neural Efficiency in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Controls
Table 4
(a) 3-back correct responses. Omnibuses of the ANCOVA (covariates: sex and age) for the number of correct responses during 3-back performance. Within and between comparisons were conducted using Bonferroni post-hoc tests, and their corresponding significance levels (p) and effect sizes (Cohen’s d and its 95% confidence interval) are reported. Statistically significant effects are highlighted in bold (U: untrained; T: trained).
3-BACK CORRECT RESPONSES
MAIN EFFECTS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND MEANS COMPARISONS
Group (F1,52= 0.72, p= 0.40, η2 = 0.014)
UNTRAINED
S1
S2
S3
WITHIN GROUPS - UNTRAINED
Training (F1,52= 2.78, p= 0.10, η2= 0.51)
Mean
13.14
12.93
14.06
S1-S2
p=1.00
d= 0.06
(-0.67, 0.79)
Session (F2,51= 1.18, p= 0.31, η2 = 0.04)
SD
3.62
3.52
4.12
S1-S3
p=0.72
d= -0.24
(-0.97, 0.49)
INTERACTIONS
S2-S3
p=0.072
d= -0.29
(-1.03, 0.44)
Training x Session
TRAINED
S1
S2
S3
WITHIN GROUPS - TRAINED
(F2,51 =19.81, p<0.001, =0.44)
Mean
11.10
16.41
16.47
S1-S2
p<0.001
d= -1.71
(-2.57, 0.86)
Training x Group
SD
4.08
1.59
1.56
S1-S3
p<0.001
d= -1.74
(-2.59, 0.88)
(F1,52 =0.22, p=0.64, η2 =0.004)
S2-S3
p=1.00
d= -0.04
(-0.77, 0.69)
Session x Group
BETWEEN GROUPS ( U vs. T)
(F2,51 =0.20, p=0.82, η2 =0.008)
S1
S2
S3
Training x Session x Group
p=0.035
p<0.001
p<0.001
(F2,51 =1.62, p=0.21, η2 =0.06)
d= 0.53
d= -1.27
d= -0.77
(-0.21, 1.27)
(-2.07, -0.48)
(-1.53, -0.02)
(b) 3-back reaction times for correct responses. Omnibuses of the ANCOVA (covariates: sex and age) for the reaction times during 3-back performance. Within and between comparisons were conducted using Bonferroni post-hoc tests, and their corresponding significance levels (p) and effect sizes (Cohen’s d and its 95% confidence interval) are reported. Statistically significant effects are highlighted in bold. (U, untrained; T, trained).
