Electron Transport Disturbances and Neurodegeneration: From Albert Szent-Györgyi’s Concept (Szeged) till Novel Approaches to Boost Mitochondrial Bioenergetics

Figure 3

The detailed depiction of the chemistry of mitochondrial oxidative and nitrative/nitrosative stresses. The contents of the colored bubbles correspond to the processes indicated in the bubbles of the respective color in Figure 2. Figure 3 presents the chemical processes of ETC and the terminal oxidation (white bubble; blue Roman numbers represent the site of the respective respiratory complexes) together with those involved in the generation of ROS (light blue bubble) and RNS (yellow bubble). An overview is given on the most representative molecules involved in oxidative injury to nucleic acids (brown bubble), lipids (pink bubble), and molecules with thiol residues (green bubble), as well as in nitrosylation/nitration of organic macromolecules (yellow bubble). For detailed explanation of oxidative/nitrative/nitrosative (black) and antioxidant (green) processes as well as the function of the ETC (red), we refer to the corresponding sections within the text and the Abbreviations section.