Table of Contents Author Guidelines Submit a Manuscript
Table of Contents Alerts

To receive news and publication updates for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, enter your email address in the box below.

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Volume 2018, Article ID 3250864, 14 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3250864
Review Article

Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy for Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review

Sara M. Ahmed,1 Mahmoud Morsi,2 Nehal I. Ghoneim,1 Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim,3,4 and Nagwa El-Badri1

1Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October, Giza, Egypt
2Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
3Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
4Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-Technology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan

Correspondence should be addressed to Nagwa El-Badri; ge.ude.yticliawez@irdablen

Received 26 October 2017; Accepted 31 December 2017; Published 18 March 2018

Academic Editor: Tullia Maraldi

Copyright © 2018 Sara M. Ahmed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. M. S. Petrov, S. Shanbhag, M. Chakraborty, A. R. J. Phillips, and J. A. Windsor, “Organ failure and infection of pancreatic necrosis as determinants of mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis,” Gastroenterology, vol. 139, no. 3, pp. 813–820, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  2. C. E. Forsmark and J. Baillie, “AGA Institute technical review on acute pancreatitis,” Revista de Gastroenterología de México, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 257–285, 2007. View at Google Scholar
  3. Y. C. Chan and P. S. Leung, “Acute pancreatitis: animal models and recent advances in basic research,” Pancreas, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  4. T. Ishibashi, H. Zhao, K. Kawabe et al., “Blocking of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) activity attenuates the severity of acute pancreatitis in rats,” Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 79–85, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  5. J. L. Frossard, M. L. Steer, and C. M. Pastor, “Acute pancreatitis,” Lancet, vol. 371, no. 9607, pp. 143–152, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  6. L. Huang, P. Chen, L. Xu, Y. Zhou, Y. Zhang, and Y. Yuan, “Fractalkine upregulates inflammation through CX3CR1 and the Jak–Stat pathway in severe acute pancreatitis rat model,” Inflammation, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 1023–1030, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  7. L. Huang, J. Ma, Y. Tang et al., “siRNA-based targeting of fractalkine overexpression suppresses inflammation development in a severe acute pancreatitis rat model,” International Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 514–520, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  8. J. Baillie, “AGA Institute medical position statement on acute pancreatitis,” Gastroenterology, vol. 132, no. 5, pp. 2019–2021, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  9. C. Y. Wang and Y. P. Zhao, “The guidelines interpretation for diagnosis and treatment of severe acute pancreatitis,” Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 198–200, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  10. E. Afghani, “Introduction to pancreatic disease: chronic pancreatitis,” Pancreapedia: Exocrine Pancreas Knowledge Base, The Exocrine Pancreas Knowledge Base, USA, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  11. M. W. Büchler, H. Freiss, and W. Uhl, Chronic Pancreatitis: Novel Concepts in Biology and Therapy, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 2002.
  12. K. L. Seeberger, J. M. Dufour, A. M. J. Shapiro, J. R. T. Lakey, R. V. Rajotte, and G. S. Korbutt, “Expansion of mesenchymal stem cells from human pancreatic ductal epithelium,” Laboratory Investigation, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 141–153, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  13. M. Dominici, K. Le Blanc, I. Mueller et al., “Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement,” Cytotherapy, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 315–317, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  14. B. J. Herdrich, R. C. Lind, and K. W. Liechty, “Multipotent adult progenitor cells: their role in wound healing and the treatment of dermal wounds,” Cytotherapy, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 543–550, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  15. J. L. Spees, M. J. Whitney, D. E. Sullivan et al., “Bone marrow progenitor cells contribute to repair and remodeling of the lung and heart in a rat model of progressive pulmonary hypertension,” The FASEB Journal, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1226–1236, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  16. V. L. Battula, P. M. Bareiss, S. Treml et al., “Human placenta and bone marrow derived MSC cultured in serum-free, b-FGF-containing medium express cell surface frizzled-9 and SSEA-4 and give rise to multilineage differentiation,” Differentiation, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 279–291, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  17. N. J. Zvaifler, L. Marinova-Mutafchieva, G. Adams et al., “Mesenchymal precursor cells in the blood of normal individuals,” Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 477–488, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  18. A. Erices, P. Conget, and J. J. Minguell, “Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood,” British Journal of Haematology, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 235–242, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  19. K. Morizono, D. A. De Ugarte, M. Zhu et al., “Multilineage cells from adipose tissue as gene delivery vehicles,” Human Gene Therapy, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 59–66, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  20. R. Dimitrov, T. Timeva, D. Kyurkchiev et al., “Characterization of clonogenic stromal cells isolated from human endometrium,” Reproduction, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 551–558, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  21. R. M. Baertschiger, D. Bosco, P. Morel et al., “Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human exocrine pancreas express transcription factors implicated in beta-cell development,” Pancreas, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 75–84, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  22. J. Kim, M. J. Breunig, L. E. Escalante et al., “Biologic and immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from human pancreatic islets,” Cytotherapy, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 925–935, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  23. K. Sato, K. Ozaki, I. Oh et al., “Nitric oxide plays a critical role in suppression of T-cell proliferation by mesenchymal stem cells,” Blood, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 228–234, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  24. L. A. Ortiz, M. DuTreil, C. Fattman et al., “Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist mediates the antiinflammatory and antifibrotic effect of mesenchymal stem cells during lung injury,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 26, pp. 11002–11007, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  25. R. H. Lee, A. A. Pulin, M. J. Seo et al., “Intravenous hMSCs improve myocardial infarction in mice because cells embolized in lung are activated to secrete the anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6,” Cell Stem Cell, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 54–63, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  26. I. Rasmusson, O. Ringden, B. Sundberg, and K. Le Blanc, “Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit lymphocyte proliferation by mitogens and alloantigens by different mechanisms,” Experimental Cell Research, vol. 305, no. 1, pp. 33–41, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  27. S. Aggarwal and M. F. Pittenger, “Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses,” Blood, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 1815–1822, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  28. C. Linard, E. Busson, V. Holler et al., “Repeated autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell injections improve radiation-induced proctitis in pigs,” Stem Cells Translational Medicine, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 916–927, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  29. P. C. Tsai, T. W. Fu, Y. M. A. Chen et al., “The therapeutic potential of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton’s jelly in the treatment of rat liver fibrosis,” Liver Transplantation, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 484–495, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  30. C. K. Sun, C. H. Yen, Y. C. Lin et al., “Autologous transplantation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells markedly reduced acute ischemia-reperfusion lung injury in a rodent model,” Journal of Translational Medicine, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 118, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  31. J. Niu, A. Azfer, O. Zhelyabovska, S. Fatma, and P. E. Kolattukudy, “Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 promotes angiogenesis via a novel transcription factor, MCP-1-induced protein (MCPIP),” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 283, no. 21, pp. 14542–14551, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  32. L. Song, Y. J. Yang, Q. T. Dong et al., “Atorvastatin enhance efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells treatment for swine myocardial infarction via activation of nitric oxide synthase,” PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 5, article e65702, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  33. L. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Li et al., “Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation attenuates cardiac fibrosis associated with isoproterenol-induced global heart failure,” Transplant International, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1181–1189, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  34. A. Corcione, F. Benvenuto, E. Ferretti et al., “Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate B-cell functions,” Blood, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 367–372, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  35. P. A. Sotiropoulou, S. A. Perez, A. D. Gritzapis, C. N. Baxevanis, and M. Papamichail, “Interactions between human mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells,” Stem Cells, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 74–85, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  36. J. Wu, Z. Sun, H. S. Sun et al., “Intravenously administered bone marrow cells migrate to damaged brain tissue and improve neural function in ischemic rats,” Cell Transplantation, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 993–1005, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  37. Z. Cheng, L. Ou, X. Zhou et al., “Targeted migration of mesenchymal stem cells modified with CXCR4 gene to infarcted myocardium improves cardiac performance,” Molecular Therapy, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 571–579, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  38. J. Xu, J. Qu, L. Cao et al., “Mesenchymal stem cell-based angiopoietin-1 gene therapy for acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice,” The Journal of Pathology, vol. 214, no. 4, pp. 472–481, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  39. D. Moher, L. Shamseer, M. Clarke et al., “Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement,” Systematic Reviews, vol. 4, no. 1, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  40. J. P. Higgins and S. Green, Eds., Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, USA, 2011, The Cochrane Collaboration.
  41. C. R. Hooijmans, M. M. Rovers, R. B. M. de Vries, M. Leenaars, M. Ritskes-Hoitinga, and M. W. Langendam, “SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool for animal studies,” BMC Medical Research Methodology, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 43, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  42. K. Kawakubo, S. Ohnishi, H. Fujita et al., “Effect of fetal membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in rats with acute and chronic pancreatitis,” Pancreas, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 707–713, 2016. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  43. H. W. Kim, W. J. Song, Q. Li et al., “Canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate severe acute pancreatitis by regulating T cells in rats,” Journal of Veterinary Science, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 539–548, 2016. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  44. K. H. Jung, S. U. Song, T. Yi et al., “Human bone marrow–derived clonal mesenchymal stem cells inhibit inflammation and reduce acute pancreatitis in rats,” Gastroenterology, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 998–1008.e4, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  45. K. H. Jung, T. G. Yi, M. K. Son, S. U. Song, and S. S. Hong, “Therapeutic effect of human clonal bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in severe acute pancreatitis,” Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 742–751, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  46. D. Qian, J. Gong, Z. He et al., “Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells repair necrotic pancreatic tissue and promote angiogenesis by secreting cellular growth factors involved in the SDF-1α/CXCR4 Axis in rats,” Stem Cells International, vol. 2015, Article ID 306836, 20 pages, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  47. Z. He, J. Hua, D. Qian et al., “Intravenous hMSCs ameliorate acute pancreatitis in mice via secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α stimulated gene/protein 6,” Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, article 38438, 2016. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  48. G. Yin, G. Hu, R. Wan et al., “Role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in L-arg-induced acute pancreatitis: effects and possible mechanisms,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 4457–4468, 2015. View at Google Scholar
  49. H. Zhao, Z. He, D. Huang et al., “Infusion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuates experimental severe acute pancreatitis in rats,” Stem Cells International, vol. 2016, Article ID 7174319, 10 pages, 2016. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  50. Z. Chen, F. Lu, H. Fang, and H. Huang, “Effect of mesenchymal stem cells on renal injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis,” Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 238, no. 6, pp. 687–695, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  51. X. H. Tu, J. X. Song, X. J. Xue et al., “Role of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 18, no. 18, pp. 2270–2279, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  52. X.-H. Tu, S.-X. Huang, W.-S. Li, J.-X. Song, and X.-L. Yang, “Mesenchymal stem cells improve intestinal integrity during severe acute pancreatitis,” Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1813–1820, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  53. B. Qu, Y. Chu, F. Zhu et al., “Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances the therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in rats with experimental acute pancreatitis,” Oncotarget, vol. 8, no. 13, pp. 21305–21314, 2017. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  54. D. Qian, G. Wei, C. Xu et al., “Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) repair acute necrotized pancreatitis by secreting microRNA-9 to target the NF-κB1/p50 gene in rats,” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 581, 2017. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  55. H. B. Meng, J. Gong, B. Zhou, J. Hua, L. Yao, and Z. S. Song, “Therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in rat severe acute pancreatitis,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 2703–12, 2013. View at Google Scholar
  56. B. Yang, B. Bai, C. X. Liu et al., “Effect of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on treatment of severe acute pancreatitis in rats,” Cytotherapy, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 154–162, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  57. J. Hua, Z. G. He, D. H. Qian et al., “Angiopoietin-1 gene-modified human mesenchymal stem cells promote angiogenesis and reduce acute pancreatitis in rats,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 3580–3595, 2014. View at Google Scholar
  58. S. A. Wexler, C. Donaldson, P. Denning-Kendall, C. Rice, B. Bradley, and J. M. Hows, “Adult bone marrow is a rich source of human mesenchymal “stem” cells but umbilical cord and mobilized adult blood are not,” British Journal of Haematology, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 368–374, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  59. T. Qin, C. J. Liu, H. W. Zhang et al., “Effect of the IkBα mutant gene delivery to mesenchymal stem cells on rat chronic pancreatitis,” Genetics and Molecular Research, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 371–385, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  60. C. H. Zhou, M. L. Li, A. L. Qin et al., “Reduction of fibrosis in dibutyltin dichloride–induced chronic pancreatitis using rat umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton’s jelly,” Pancreas, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1291–1302, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  61. J. A. Hirst, J. Howick, J. K. Aronson et al., “The need for randomization in animal trials: an overview of systematic reviews,” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 6, article e98856, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  62. S. C. Landis, S. G. Amara, K. Asadullah et al., “A call for transparent reporting to optimize the predictive value of preclinical research,” Nature, vol. 490, no. 7419, pp. 187–191, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  63. N. A. Crossley, E. Sena, J. Goehler et al., “Empirical evidence of bias in the design of experimental stroke studies: a metaepidemiologic approach,” Stroke, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 929–934, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  64. E. D. M. Rooke, H. M. Vesterinen, E. S. Sena, K. J. Egan, and M. R. Macleod, “Dopamine agonists in animal models of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 313–320, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  65. National Institutes of Health, Principles and Guidelines for Reporting Preclinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, 2015.
  66. A. Demols, O. Le Moine, F. Desalle, E. Quertinmont, J. L. van Laethem, and J. Devière, “CD4+ T cells play an important role in acute experimental pancreatitis in mice,” Gastroenterology, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 582–590, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  67. M. M. Duffy, T. Ritter, R. Ceredig, and M. D. Griffin, “Mesenchymal stem cell effects on T-cell effector pathways,” Stem Cell Research & Therapy, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 34, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  68. A. S. Gukovskaya, I. Gukovsky, Y. Jung, M. Mouria, and S. J. Pandol, “Cholecystokinin induces caspase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic acinar cells. Roles in cell injury processes of pancreatitis,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 277, no. 25, pp. 22595–22604, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  69. S. J. Kwon, S. M. Ki, S. E. Park et al., “Anti-apoptotic effects of human Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells on skeletal muscle cells mediated via secretion of XCL1,” Molecular Therapy, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1550–1560, 2016. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  70. S. Chiesa, S. Morbelli, S. Morando et al., “Mesenchymal stem cells impair in vivo T-cell priming by dendritic cells,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 42, pp. 17384–17389, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  71. J. Gong, H.-B. Meng, J. Hua et al., “The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis regulates migration of transplanted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells towards the pancreas in rats with acute pancreatitis,” Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1575–1582, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  72. D. J. Prockop and J. Youn Oh, “Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs): role as guardians of inflammation,” Molecular Therapy, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 14–20, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  73. H. Choi, R. H. Lee, N. Bazhanov, J. Y. Oh, and D. J. Prockop, “Anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6 secreted by activated MSCs attenuates zymosan-induced mouse peritonitis by decreasing TLR2/NF-κB signaling in resident macrophages,” Blood, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 330–338, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  74. H. G. Wisniewski and J. Vilcek, “Cytokine-induced gene expression at the crossroads of innate immunity, inflammation and fertility: TSG-6 and PTX3/TSG-14,” Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, vol. 15, no. 2-3, pp. 129–146, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  75. E. W. Choi, I. S. Shin, H. W. Lee et al., “Transplantation of CTLA4Ig gene-transduced adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduces inflammatory immune response and improves Th1/Th2 balance in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis,” The Journal of Gene Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 3–16, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  76. G. M. Spaggiari, A. Capobianco, H. Abdelrazik, F. Becchetti, M. C. Mingari, and L. Moretta, “Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit natural killer–cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production: role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and prostaglandin E2,” Blood, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 1327–1333, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  77. X. X. Jiang, Y. Zhang, B. Liu et al., “Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells,” Blood, vol. 105, no. 10, pp. 4120–4126, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  78. L. Cai, B. H. Johnstone, T. G. Cook et al., “IFATS collection: human adipose tissue-derived stem cells induce angiogenesis and nerve sprouting following myocardial infarction, in conjunction with potent preservation of cardiac function,” Stem Cells, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 230–237, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  79. A. Banas, T. Teratani, Y. Yamamoto et al., “IFATS collection: in vivo therapeutic potential of human adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells after transplantation into mice with liver injury,” Stem Cells, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 2705–2712, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  80. Z. Wen, Q. Liao, Y. Hu, S. Liu, L. You, and Y. Zhao, “Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells: a novel approach to inhibiting acute pancreatitis,” Medical Hypotheses, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 598–600, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  81. B. U. Wu, “Prognosis in acute pancreatitis,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 183, no. 6, pp. 673–677, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  82. S. Li, X. Wang, J. Li et al., “Advances in the treatment of ischemic diseases by mesenchymal stem cells,” Stem Cells International, vol. 2016, Article ID 5896061, 11 pages, 2016. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  83. B. Usunier, M. Benderitter, R. Tamarat, and A. Chapel, “Management of fibrosis: the mesenchymal stromal cells breakthrough,” Stem Cells International, vol. 2014, Article ID 340257, 26 pages, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus