Focus on Depression in Parkinson’s Disease: A Delphi Consensus of Experts in Psychiatry, Neurology, and Geriatrics
Table 1
Section I: aetiology and risk factors for depression in PD patients.
Statement
Consensus agreement
Consensus disagreement
No consensus
S1
Depression is a nonmotor and premotor symptom of PD.
✓
S2
Depression is more frequent in people who will later suffer from PD; thereby, it can be considered a risk factor.
✓
S3
Decreased levels of DA, serotonin, and acetylcholine are depression trigger factors in PD.
✓
S4
Depression in PD is not more frequently related to any motor phenotype.
-
S5
Depression in PD is associated with more severe motor symptoms.
✓
S6
Female gender and older age correlate with an increased risk of PD-related depression.
✓
S7
Depression in PD is associated with a higher prevalence of nonmotor symptoms.
✓
S8
Having suffered from cancer and not being married correlate with an increased risk of PD-related depression.
-
S9
Impaired basal ganglia limbic system and connections with the orbitofrontal cortex are involved in the pathophysiology of PD-related depression.
✓
S10
The habenula is an amine brain integrative area, and there are data supporting that its impaired function could contribute to depression in early premotor PD stages.
