|
| Compound name | Implications | Disease target | Study type | Molecular targets |
|
| Resveratrol
(found in red wine, white hellebore) [59, 60] | Prevention | Skin cancer,
colon cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration | Cell culture,
rodent, phase I clinical trial | Inhibition or
reduction of COX-1 and COX-2, ROS |
|
| Beta-carotene
(terpenoid found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables) [61] | Prevention | Inflammation,
high cholesterol | Mouse, ferret | ROS |
|
| Curcumin
(spice derived from turmeric) [62, 63] | Prevention,
therapy | Pancreatic
cancer, myelodysplastic syndromes, colon cancer, psoriasis, inflammation | Cell culture,
rat, clinical trials | Inhibits, COX
activities, ROS, inhibits production of many pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8,
MCP-1, TNF-) |
|
| Folic acid (leafy
vegetables and grain product) [64] | Prevention | Rectal
health, pancreatic and CRCs | Cell
culture/rodent | Involved in
function, synthesis, and repair of DNA in cell cycle |
|
| Tocopherols
(form of vitamin E found in oils and wheat germ) [65] | Treatment (supplement
to anticancer drugs) | Prostate and
lung cancers, CRC, and melanoma | Cell
culture/rat | Mitochondrial
interactions with compounds leading to apoptosis, upstream inhibition of NF-B |
|
| Omega-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; found in grains, fish, and some oils) [66] | Treatment | IBD | Rat, mouse,
human cancer cells | Cell cycle
arrest and apoptosis through inhibition of the PI3-kinase signaling pathway,
PPAR activation |
|
| Vitamin D or
calcitrol (plant sources, fungi, dairy, and fish) [67, 68] | Treatment | Rheumatoid
arthritis, dermatological conditions, osteoporosis, prostate, colon and
breast cancers | Mouse, human
clinical trial | Phase G0/G1 cell cycle arrest,
regulation of cell cycle proteins, reduction of Akt and Erk which are cell
survival markers |
|
| Calcium (dairy,
nuts, seeds, soy, plants such as kelp and seaweed) [67] | Treatment/ prevention | Rheumatoid
arthritis, dermatological conditions, osteoporosis, prostate, colon cancer,
breast cancers and diabetes | Cell culture,
mouse, human clinical trial | Balances
cellular proliferation in the colon by inducing apoptosis |
|
| Dietary fiber
(plant products, beans, root vegetables) [69, 70] | Prevention | IBD, CRC | Cell culture,
human clinical trial | Butyrate,
product of dietary fiber functions best with retenoids to inhibit histone
deacetylase, butyrate regulates colonic epithelial homeostasis |
|
| Probiotics
(fermented dairy) [71, 72] | Treatment/ prevention | IBD | Human
clinical trial | Known
mechanisms or targets are intestinal microflora, chemical balance, binds to
carcinogens, production of short-chain FAs and anti-carcinogens |
|
| Prebiotics
and synbiotics (oligosaccharides, garlic, onion, artichoke, and
asparagus) [72, 73] | Treatment | Colitis,
inflammation, cancer | Rats, clinical trial | Production of
short-chain FAs, induce apoptosis of damaged cells, enhances activity of NK
cells |
|
| Quercetin (a
flavonoid found in cranberries and onions) [74] | Prevention | Breast, lung,
skin, and colon cancers, heart disease | Cell culture,
rodent | ROS, a
proposed aryl-hydrocarbon receptor,
suppresses pro-inflammatory mediators |
|
| CLA (dairy,
meat) [75] | Prevention | IBD | Mouse, pigs | Enhances the
immune function, activates PPAR, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines through NF-B |
|
| Ginseng (root
of the panax plant in the family araliaceae) [76] | Prevention/ enhancement
of current treatment | Colon cancer | Cell culture,
mouse | Suppresses
TNF- and NF-B signaling decreasing inflammation. Also targets movement and
angiogenesis of carcinoma cells |
|
| Turmeric
extract (curry, curumin) [77] | Treatment | Arthritis,
inflammation, cardiovascular disease | Rodent | Inflammation,
angiogensis, eliminates free redicals and ROS, suppresses TNF- |
|
| Phytoestrogen
(soy products, whole grains) [78, 79] | Prevention | CRC, breast
cancer, prostate cancer | Rat, clinical
trial | Induction of
apoptosis and inhibition of tyrosine kinases, regulates some pro-inflammatory
cytokines (IL-6) hormones which induce cancer |
|
| Kaempferol (flavonoid in apples, onions, broccoli,
and citrus fruits) [80] | Treatment/ prevention | Obesity and
type II diabetes, cardiovascular
diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer | Cell culture | Upregulates
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors, sensitizes
cancer cells to anti-carcinogenic compounds and pathways |
|
| Green tea phenols (tea leaves) [81] | Treatment | Gastric
cancer and H. Pylori infections | Cell
culture, mouse | Reduce ROS,
gluthione metabolism, activates apoptotic markers and tightly regulates the
cell-cycle |
|
| Blueberry
Extracts (fruit from the shrub, vaccinium cyanococcus) [82] | Treatment | Cancer,
inflammation | Cell
culture, mouse | Inhibit
growth, stimulate apoptosis |
|
