Preconditioning of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Enhance Their Regulation of the Immune Response

Table 1

Regulation of the innate immune response by preconditioned human mesenchymal stem cells.

Preconditioning approach	The source of cells	Secreted factors or expressed genes	Immunomodulatory effects	Reference
Hypoxia	BM-MSCs	IL-6 and IL-8	monocyte migration in vitro and macrophages in vivo	[25]
IFN-γ	UC-MSCs	IDO and PGE-2	NK activation and protection from NK cytotoxicity	[26]
IFN-γ and TNF-α	MSCs	Factor H	complement activation	[30]
IFN-γ and TNF-α	BM-MSCs	IDO	generation of M2 macrophages	[27]
IL-1β	UC-MSCs	COX-2, IL-6, and IL-8	number of M1 macrophages	[28]
IL-1β	BM-MSCs	TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-23A, CCL5, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL10, and CXCL11, and VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and ICAM-4	recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils	[29]
LPS	UC-MSCs	IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α	generation of M2 macrophages	[31]
LPS and IL-1β	BM-MSCs	PGE-2	generation of M2 macrophages	[34]
TGF-β	Decidual MSCs	PGE-2	number of CD14+ CD206+ macrophages	[36]
3D culture	BM-MSCs	COX-2 and PGE-2	generation of M2 macrophages and TNF-α production by LPS stimulated macrophages	[37–39]
IFN-γ and TNF-α in 3D culture	BM-MSCs	IDO and IL-6	suppression of TNF-α production by LPS stimulated macrophages	[40]