Review Article
De Novo Human Cardiac Myocytes for Medical Research: Promises and Challenges
Table 2
Strategies for cardiac subtype myocytes generation.
| Subtype cardiomyocytes | Approaches | Findings | References |
| Atrial myocytes | Noggin and retinoic acid | 95% atrial-like cardiomyocytes | [51] | Retinoic acid | Increased atrial-specific gene expression; 85% atrial myocytes in cell product | [52] |
| Ventricular myocytes | Noggin and retinoic acid pathway inhibitor | 83% ventricular-like cardiomyocytes | [51] | ROCK inhibitor, BMP4, Actvin A, and IWR-1 | 93–100% ventricular-like cardiomyocytes | [53] |
| Pacemaker myocytes | Tbx18-mediated direct programming of ventricular myocytes. | Pacemaker-like phenotype | [54, 55] | Tbx3 overexpression in mouse ESCs | Increased yield of pacemaker-like cells | [56] | Shox2 overexpression in mouse ESCs | More pacemaker-like cells, with enhanced biological pacemaker function | [57] |
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