Current practices for modeling the ocean floor in underwater explosion simulations call for application of an inviscid fluid with soil properties. A method for modeling the ocean floor as a Lagrangian solid, vice an Eulerian fluid, was developed in order to determine its effects on underwater explosions in shallow water using the DYSMAS solver. The Lagrangian solid bottom model utilized transmitting boundary segments, exterior nodal forces acting as constraints, and the application of prestress to minimize any distortions into the fluid domain. For simplicity, elastic materials were used in this current effort, though multiple constitutive soil models can be applied to improve the overall accuracy of the model. Even though this method is unable to account for soil cratering effects, it does however provide the distinct advantage of modeling contoured ocean floors such as dredged channels and sloped bottoms absent in Eulerian formulations. The study conducted here showed significant differences among the initial bottom reflections for the different solid bottom contours that were modeled. The most important bottom contour effect was the distortion to the gas bubble and its associated first pulse timing. In addition to its utility in bottom modeling, implementation of the non-reflecting boundary along with realistic material models can be used to drastically reduce the size of current fluid domains.

A.P. Walters

J.M. Didoszak

Y.W. Kwon

Explicit Modeling of Solid Ocean Floor in Shallow Underwater Explosions

The authors recently developed a damage identification method which combines ambient vibration measurements and a Statistical Modal Filtering approach to predict the location and degree of damage. The method was then validated experimentally via ambient vibration tests conducted on full-scale reinforced concrete laboratory specimens. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of the identification method for a real bridge. An important challenge in this case is to overcome the absence of vibration measurements for the structure in its undamaged state which corresponds ideally to the reference state of the structure. The damage identification method is, therefore, modified to adapt it to the present situation where the intact state was not subjected to measurements. An additional refinement of the method consists of using a genetic algorithm to improve the computational efficiency of the damage localization method. This is particularly suited for a real case study where the number of damage parameters becomes significant. The damage diagnosis predictions suggest that the diagnosed bridge is damaged in four elements among a total of 168 elements with degrees of damage varying from 6&#x25; to 18&#x25;.

S. El-Ouafi Bahlous

M. Neifar

S. El-Borgi

H. Smaoui

Ambient Vibration Based Damage Diagnosis Using Statistical Modal Filtering and Genetic Algorithm: A Bridge Case Study

This work deals with the design and the assessment of electromagnetic actuators (EMAs) for the control of rotating machines. The system studied has a hybrid bearing that exhibits nonlinear behavior. The system is composed of a horizontal flexible shaft supported by two ball bearings at one end and a roller bearing that is located in a squirrel cage at the other end. Four identical EMAs supplied with constant current are utilized. The EMAs associated to the squirrel cage constitutes the hybrid bearing. The aim is to develop a strategy in order to define and to identify a reliable model necessary for the control of rotating machinery in the presence of localized non-linearity. The identification strategy consists in modeling the system with as many sub-models as needed that are identified separately. This enables obtaining a straightforward modeling of rotating machinery even in the case in which system components are frequency or time dependent. For the system studied, two sub-models were necessary. First the EMAs were modeled by using classical equations of electromagnetism and then identified experimentally. Then, a linear model of the shaft mounted on its bearings was defined by using the finite element method and was identified successfully. The model of the system was adjusted after assembling the different identified sub-models. The identification is carried out by using a pseudo-random search algorithm. The model of the system is then assessed for different configurations. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed strategy.

T.S. Morais

J. Der Hagopian

V. Steffen Jr.

J. Mahfoud

Modeling and Identification of Electromagnetic Actuator for the Control of Rotating Machinery

Classical component mode synthesis methods for reduction are usually limited by the size and compatibility of the coupling interfaces. A component mode synthesis approach with constrained coupling interfaces is presented for vibro-acoustic modelling. The coupling interfaces are constrained to six displacement degrees of freedom. These degrees of freedom represent rigid interface translations and rotations respectively, retaining an undeformed interface shape. This formulation is proposed for structures with coupling between softer and stiffer substructures in which the displacement is chiefly governed by the stiffer substructure. Such may be the case for the rubber-bushing/linking arm assembly in a vehicle suspension system. The presented approach has the potential to significantly reduce the modelling size of such structures, compared with classical component mode synthesis which would be limited by the modelling size of the interfaces. The approach also eliminates problems of nonconforming meshes in the interfaces since only translation directions, rotation axes and the rotation point need to be common for the coupled substructures. Simulation results show that the approach can be used for modelling of systems that resemble a vehicle suspension. It is shown for a test case that adequate engineering accuracy can be achieved when the stiffness properties of the connecting parts are within the expected range of rubber connected to steel.

Eskil Lindberg

Nils-Erik H&#xf6;rlin

Peter G&#xf6;ransson

Component Mode Synthesis Using Undeformed Interface Coupling Modes to Connect Soft and Stiff Substructures

This study investigates both the static and dynamic behaviors for the uniform beam supported at its ends by rotational supports. The stiffness coefficients of these supports are treated as interval variables. It is first demonstrated on the static problem that the classical interval analysis may lead to overestimation of the response. The paper introduces a remedy for this &#x22;ill&#x22; of the classical interval analysis. The artificial interval parameter is introduced and the extrema of the static displacements and natural frequencies are determined. Finally, the hybrid case of uncertain boundary conditions and uncertain mass density is treated with attendant interesting results.

Isaac Elishakoff

Cl&#xe9;ment Soret

Remedy to Overestimation of Classical Interval Analysis: Analysis of Beams with Uncertain Boundary Conditions

The so-called Adaptive Impact Absorption (AIA) is a research area of safety engineering devoted to problems of shock absorption in various unpredictable scenarios of collisions. It makes use of smart technologies (systems equipped with sensors, controllable dissipaters and specialised tools for signal processing). Examples of engineering applications for AIA systems are protective road barriers, automotive bumpers or adaptive landing gears. One of the most challenging problems for AIA systems is on-line identification of impact loads, which is crucial for introducing the optimum real-time strategy of adaptive impact absorption. This paper presents the concept of an impactometer and develops the methodology able to perform real-time impact load identification. Considered dynamic excitation is generated by a mass M1 impacting with initial velocity V0. An analytical formulation of the problem, supported with numerical simulations and experimental verifications is presented. Two identification algorithms based on measured response of the impacted structure are proposed and discussed. Finally, a concept of the AIA device utilizing the idea of impactometer is briefly presented.

Krzysztof Seku&#x142;a

Cezary Graczykowski

Jan Holnicki-Szulc

On-Line Impact Load Identification

In hydraulic hybrid vehicles (HHV), vibration in dual-mode pump/motor units should be isolated from the chassis. A mixed mode magnetorheological (MR) fluid mount was adopted to isolate this vibration and was evaluated in a quarter car model. The MR fluid mount was designed to be able to operate in flow mode and squeeze mode independently and simultaneously. For HHVs, it is desirable to control force and displacement transmissibility. These simulation results presented a basis for designing an effective algorithm to control both the displacement transmissibility and force transmissibility. Moreover, a hierarchical controller for minimizing the two requirements for transmissibility was also constructed. At last, a fuzzy logic controller was devised to closely reproduce the effect of the hierarchical controller. The experiments were set up to facilitate the hardware-in-the-loop evaluation of the mount. Results from the experiments showed that the mixed mode MR fluid mount was able to achieve desired dynamic stiffness profile to minimize the dual-transmissibility criterion.

Shuo Wang

Mohammad Elahinia

The Nguyen

Displacement and Force Control of a Quarter Car Using a Mixed Mode MR Mount

About this journal

Shock and Vibration publishes papers on all aspects of shock and vibration, especially in relation to civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering applications, as well as transport, materials and geoscience.&nbsp;

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Chief Editor&nbsp;Dr Tai Thai&nbsp;is based at the University of Melbourne and his current research focuses on high strength materials for sustainable construction of buildings, bridges and other infrastructure.

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Shock and Vibration - Table of contents 2013

title

Shock and Vibration publishes papers on all aspects of shock and vibration, especially in relation to civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering applications, as well as transport, materials and geoscience. 

Shock and Vibration