An X-ray fabric analysis of quartz grains from the Sambagawa crystalline schist, Japan, whose c-axis fabric
(optically measured) was regarded as corresponding to an ultimate steady-state pattern of preferred orientation
of c-axes developed by the approximately non-rotational two-dimensional strain under the Sambagawa metamorphicconditions,
has been made by a texture goniometer for reflection. It has been clarified that [0001] and [10<mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math>]

directions are preferably oriented in the plane of the longest and shortest principal axes of the strain ellipsoid of
mean strain of the system concerned and at the angles of ca. 35&#xB0; and ca. 17&#xB0; to the shortest principal axis
respectively.

Ikuo Hara

P. Paulitsch

X-Ray Analysis of a Quartz Fabric From the Sambagawa Crystalline Schist, Japan

In single and polycrystalline copper rolled to a reduction of 95 &#x25;, the topographic arrangements of crystallite
orientations were determined over large areas by means of electron microscopy. Correlated data on orientation,
diffraction site, and transmission pictures in three cross-sections perpendicular to the normal, rolling and transverse
directions were obtained and evaluated. These results were complemented by X-ray studies of the texture. The
rolled polycrystalline structure consists of roughly disc-shaped regions of uniform orientation which are fairly
strongly misoriented with respect to each other. The planes of the discs lie paral.lel to the rolling plane. Within these
regions of uniform orientation lie elongated subgrains extended in the longitudinal and transverse directions. In a
surface layer of a few microns thickness the dryly rolled single crystals have essentially a (100)[011] texture. This is
independent of the orientation of the interior of the material. The observed structures are discussed with respect to
possible formation mechanisms.

R. Gotthardt

G. Hoschek

O. Reimold

F. Haessner

Topographic Arrangement of Crystallite Orientations in Rolled Copper

A method has been described to represent orientations and orientation distributions of cubic crystals by means of
a 3-dimensional orientation space which is formed by the repeatedly discussed rotation coordinates (axis and
angle of rotation). Special emphasis has been given to the problem of multi-valency of the representation due to
the cubic symmetry, to the description of scattering around an ideal orientation and to the numerical evaluation
of these orientation coordinates by means of rotation matrices.

Gerhard Ibe

Kurt L&#xFC;cke

Description of Orientation Distributions of Cubic Crystals by Means of 3-D Rotation Coordinates

Two grades of ferritic stainless steels (495 and 410.types) containing about 13 &#x25; chromium have been processed by
cold rolling with intermediate and final anneals. The development of textures has been followed and the plastic
anisotropy of the annealed sheet has been assessed. Processing conditions for the development of anisotropy
favourable for deep drawing applications have been defined for the 405 type stainless steel. The evolution of the
favourable {554} <mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>225</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> texture component appears to be progressive throughout the processing. It is particularly
well-developed after two moderate cold rolling reductions of about 70 &#x25; and a final anneal at 850&#x2013;900&#xB0;C. Differences
between the 405 and 410 steels have been attributed to differences present in the early stages of processing.

M. Yanta&#xE7;

W. T. Roberts

D. V. Wilson

Texture Development in Ferritic Stainless Steel Sheet

The crystallite orientation distribution function has been determined for cold-rolled copper, copper-10 per cent
zinc and copper-30 per cent zinc (<mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B1;</mml:mi></mml:math>-brass) at cold reductions of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90 and 95 per cent. The copper
texture exhibits a steady development and contains a tube of orientations between limits which have previously
been shown to be stable during multiple slip processes (<mml:math id="E2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>110</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>112</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> to <mml:math id="E3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4411</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>11118</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>). The textures of the
copper-zinc alloys both show a similar initial development to that of copper but a transition occurs above a
reduction of about 40 per cent. This indicated that an additional deformation mode had become active. The
features of the transition are consistent with those expected if the additional deformation mode were mechanical
twinning. The development of the basic texture (pure-metal type) is in agreement with predictions based on the
assumption of multiple slip conditions incorporating a considerable amount of cross-slip.

J. S. Kallend

G. J. Davies

The Development of Texture in Copper and Copper-Zinc Alloys

Three-dimensional orientation distribution functions were calculated from neutron diffraction pole figures of unwound
cylinders taken at different distances from the centre of cold drawn Al-wires. Their features change from
the axially symmetric type at the very centre of the wire towards a texture near to the rolling type at the surface.
Relations between the three-dimensional function and ordinary fibre texture pole figures were used to study the
dependence of the textures on certain processing variables for cold drawn as well as recrystallized wires.

U. Schl&#xE4;fer

H. J. Bunge

Cyclic Textures in Aluminium Wires

The textures developed in magnesium, annealed after both hot and cold extrusion under essentially plane strain
conditions, have been qualitatively accounted for in terms of the operative deformation modes. It is found that the
main features of both textures are explained by the operation of {10<mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math>2} and {10<mml:math id="E2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math>1} twinning together with basal slip,
but there is an important component of the hot extrusion annealing texture not found in the cold extrusions
texture which can only be explained by the action of {10<mml:math id="E3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math>0} or {10<mml:math id="E4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#x00AF;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math>1} slip.The strength of the extruded and annealed material has been studied under various stress systems and initial
yield loci have been plotted. Complete crystal orientation distribution functions were used to compute theoretical
yield loci for comparison with the experimental results in order to assess the possibility of relating texture and
properties in hexagonal metals. It was found that the theory gave remarkably good agreement with experiment.
The assumptions made and the terms under which they apply are discussed.

I. L. Dillamore

P. Hadden

D. J. Stratford

Texture Control and the Yield Anisotropy of Plane Strain Magnesium Extrusions

A test of the refinement procedure for improving the crystallite orientation distribution function is presented for a
fiber texture sample of polyethylene terephthalate. This is a particularly difficult example because the triclinic unit
cell offers no simplification due to symmetry, and the pole figures are sharply peaked. The analysis employed 17
observed pole figures and an additional 29 unobserved pole figures reconstructed from the crystallite orientation
distribution function. After three cycles of refinement, in which the maximum value of the coefficient was increased
from 6 to 16, the standard deviations, <mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>&#x03C3;</mml:mi><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> and <mml:math id="E2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>&#x03C3;</mml:mi><mml:mi>w</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>, of the plane-normal and crystallite orientation distributions were
reduced by about a factor of 3. The refined crystallite orientation distribution function indicates that the <mml:math id="E3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:math>-axis
tends to align along the fiber axis for this polyethylene terephthalate sample.

W. R. Krigbaum

Anna Marie Harkins Vasek

A Test of the Refinement Procedure for
Determining the Crystallite Orientation
Distribution: Polyethylene Terephthalate

W. Truszkowski

On the Rolling Texture Reversal in Fcc Metals

The crystallite orientation distribution analysis was applied to the study of the development of the rolling textures
in low-carbon steels. It was found that the constraining effect of the grain boundary remarkably influences the
rolling textures of polycrystalline iron. This enhances the crystal rotations, which would not be expected to occur
in single crystals; and grains having the <mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>110</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>112</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> orientations are forced to rotate about the <mml:math id="E2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>111</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>axes lying
in the sheet normal direction toward the <mml:math id="E3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>110</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>110</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> orientations. This is the origin of the <mml:math id="E4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>111</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>
 fiber texture
normally found in the rolling textures of low-carbon steels. The presence of the partial fiber texture having the
<mml:math id="E5" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>111</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>
 axes inclined 30 deg from the sheet normal toward the rolling direction could not be confirmed.

H. Inagaki

T. Suda

The Development of Rolling Textures in Low-Carbon Steels

Neutron diffraction proves advantageous as compared to X-ray diffraction in texture analysis because of the lower
absorption coefficient for a broad variety of materials especially metals. The spherical sample method is recommended
because it yields the most reliable results and it does not require great preparational efforts. The fundamental
difference between the spherical sample method in X-ray and in neutron diffraction is discussed.

J. Tobisch

The Spherical Sample Method in Neutron Diffraction Texture Determination

Orientation distribution data are presented for low carbon steel and silicon iron after different rolling and
annealing schedules. Magnetic properties which depend solely on orientation can be well described using such
distributions. A general analysis is demonstrated by which other properties may be divided into two components
which are respectively dependent and independent of orientation. An example of this, a.c. power loss, is considered
in detail. It is shown that the orientation-dependence of power loss derives entirely from the hysteresis component.
The classical eddy current loss together with an &#x2018;anomalous&#x2019; loss of similar magnitude constitute the orientationin-dependent
part. The analysis may be used to predict properties under a range of conditions in textured materials.

W. B. Hutchinson

J. G. Swift

Anisotropy in Some Soft Magnetic Materials

A specimen of Cambrian slate from the slate belt in North Wales has been thinned by the ion bombardment
technique to produce an ultrathin section with the specimen plane normal to the cleavage plane. This specimen
has been investigated with the electron microscope by electron transmission. Selected area diffraction patterns allow
identification of individual sheet silicate grains. The pole figures of the basal planes of two sheet silicate minerals,
muscovite and chlorite, have been measured with an X-ray pole-figure goniometer and both show an elongated
maximum normal to the slaty cleavage, with orthorhombic symmetry. While the preferred orientation could be the
result of mechanical rotation of rigid flakes in a deforming matrix, the texture (the overall pattern due to the
shapes and sizes of grains and their angular relations to each other) can only be explained if considerable recrystallization
is assumed. It is tentatively proposed that local dissolution at points of stress-concentration with
simultaneous redeposition of the dissolved material in less stressed regions may have allowed closely packed grains
to act as if they were mechanically rotating rigid flakes, yet to accommodate their shapes enough to prevent interlocking.

Gerhard Oertel

Prem P. Phakey

The Texture of a Slate From Nantlle, Caernarvon, North Wales

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Texture, Stress, and Microstructure