Improvement in the understanding of the influence of crystallographic texture on the
diffusion behavior of protective oxides, formed at high temperatures on metallic substrates,
is being sought through the study of a simple model system such as nickel&#x2013;nickel
oxide. Examples of textures in metallurgical nickel products and the correlation between
the substrate and oxide textures, are discussed. Techniques of surface texturing are suggested
and the texture leading to the highest oxidation resistance is selected on the basis of
existing experimental evidence.

F. Czerwinski

J. A. Szpunar

The Growth of Oxide Scales on Textured Nickel

The electroless Ni&#x2013;Co&#x2013;P alloy films containing up to 13.4&#x25; Co and 7.6&#x25; P were
deposited on a 5086 aluminum alloy sheet using baths consisting of NiSO4, CoSO4,
(NH4)2SO4, NaH2PO2, sodium citrate and thiourea. The deposits were solid solutions
having a grain size of 6&#x2013;7 nm and strong <mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>111</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> texture. When the deposits were annealed
for 2 h, Ni5P2 was precipitated at 325&#xB0;C and transformed into the stable Ni3P phase at
higher temperatures. During annealing the texture of deposit changed from <mml:math id="E2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>111</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> to <mml:math id="E3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>.
The texture change was attributed to preferential growth of <mml:math id="E4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> grains at the expense of
<mml:math id="E5" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>111</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> grains to decrease the thermal strain energy of the deposits. On the other hand, the
electroless Ni&#x2013;Cu&#x2013;P alloy films containing Cu and P deposited on 5086 aluminum alloy
sheet had the microstructures and textures which are similar to these of the Ni&#x2013;Co&#x2013;P
alloy films. However, their initial <mml:math id="E6" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>111</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> texture remained relatively stable even after
annealing. The differences in annealing textures of Ni&#x2013;Co&#x2013;P and Ni&#x2013;Cu&#x2013;P alloy films
have been discussed.

Dong Nyung Lee

Kang-Heon Hur

The Evolution of Texture During Annealing of Nanocrystalline
Electroless Nickel Alloy Deposits

Results of comprehensive studies into crystallographic texture of electrodeposited copper
coatings are presented in relation to their substructure, granular structure and surface
morphology. Quantitative texture evaluation involving anisotropy of substructure characteristics,
and determination of characteristics of substructure and granular structure
in the axial and random components are addressed. Effects of texture anisotropy of substructure
and texture nonhomogeneity of granular structure discovered in copper layers are
dealt with. Influence of the deposition current density on quantitative characteristics of
oriented structure in copper deposits is discussed. The effects of various thermodynamic
factors on texture formation in copper electroplates are considered for the stages of
(i) nucleation and (ii) growth of grains in the major component of texture. Anisotropy of
shape is also treated for the elements of oriented structure in copper electrodeposits.

O. B. Girin

Yu. O. Proshenko

E. P. Kalinushkin

Texture of Electrodeposited Copper Coatings as Related to Their
Substructure, Granular Structure and Surface Morphology

The texture of electrodeposits vary with deposition conditions. Electrodeposits texture is
also related to microstructure, surface morphology and mechanical properties. When the
electrodeposits annealed, the recrystallization texture may be different from the original
deposition texture. The surface morphology, the microstructure and the initial and
recrystallization textures of nickel electrodeposits vary with deposition conditions.The <mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> and <mml:math id="E2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>110</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> textures of nickel electrodeposits can be obtained from nickel sulfate,
nickel chloride and boric acid baths. The size of surface asperities decreases with increasing
current density and decreasing temperature. The <mml:math id="E3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> and <mml:math id="E4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>110</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> textures of nickel electrodeposits
changed to the <mml:math id="E5" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>100</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> and <mml:math id="E6" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2329;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msqrt></mml:mrow><mml:mi>10</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x0232A;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> texture, when recrystallized, respectively.

Insoo Kim

Sae Gwang Lee

Initial and Recrystallization
Textures of Nickel Electrodeposits

Many commercial galvanised steel sheets have been characterised before deformation
(grain size, grain distribution in the coatings, pre-cracking, individual orientations, misorientations
between neighbouring grains, local and global textures) in connection with
the zinc alloy which was used and the process parameters.The samples were bent by a biaxial expansion and examined afterwards. All the coatings
were pre-cracked before deformation.The extent of the pre-cracking depends on the intensity and the sharpness of the basal
planes texture of the coating and also on the misorientations across the grain boundaries.
In the same way, zinc primary dendrites and recrystallised grains can hinder the crack
propagation, limiting their extent.We can establish a correlation between the texture, the microstructure of the coatings
(using a concept that corresponds to the mean free path of the crack) and the formability.
As we know the process parameters, it is now conceivable that the texture of the coatings
could be controlled.

S. Gaignard

S. Lazik

J. Lietzau

J. Wegria

M. Dubois

M. J. Philippe

C. Esling

Texture and Microstructure Control in Zinc Coated Steel Sheets.
Effect on Formability of the Coatings

In this study, the development of the microstructure of zinc&#x2013;iron and zinc&#x2013;nickel coatings
on steel sheet electrodeposited at various deposition conditions, is analyzed. The evolution
of the coating microstructure &#x2013; texture, surface morphology, crystallographic lattice,
microstress, alloy composition and phase of coatings &#x2013; is investigated at different current
densities and deposition times. The microstructure of zinc alloy coatings varies significantly
with the change of deposition parameters. The present study proposes that the transformarion
of texture during the alloy codeposition is closely related to the morphological
characteristics of the coating surface and the change of alloy and phase composition of the
deposit. Anomalous codeposition behavior, is considered responsible for the change or
transformation of the microstructure of coatings. The texture of zinc&#x2013;iron coatings
changes from the combined texture of the basal fiber and non-fiber pyramidal component
to the pyramidal fiber texture with the current density increase. In the case of zinc&#x2013;nickel
coatings, the intensity of the &#x7B;101&#x7D; texture of &#x3B3; phase increases with increasing nickel
content, while the intensity of the &#x7B;100&#x7D; texture decreases. A correlation between the
texture, morphology and alloy content in the deposits is discussed.

H. Park

The Microstructural Characterization of Electrogalvanized
Zinc&#x2013;Iron and Zinc&#x2013;Nickel Coatings

The development of texture in thin films under ion bombardment is believed to occur due to
the preferential growth of the aligned grains in the film relative to the unaligned grains. The
difference in growth rates between aligned and unaligned grains results in the development
of texture with increasing thickness. Both out-of-plane (fiber) and in-plane texture can be
controlled during ion bombardment. Experiments were performed to create a (110) out-of-plane
texture in thin aluminum films and to create a (110) in-plane texture in niobium films.
Results showed that the texture in both cases increases in strength with depth, and that for
500 nm Al films, the (110) texture was stronger than the thermodynamically-preferred (111)
texture obtained by physical vapor deposition. Results confirm a texturing mechanism
based on ion channeling and preferential sputtering.

G. S. Was

H. Ji

Z. Ma

Texture Control in Thin Films Using Ion Bombardment

A series of cold rolling and annealing experiments were conducted to examine the influence of solute carbon during cold rolling on the annealing texture. Hot band samples with grain sizes of 8 and 47 &#xB5;m were used and rolling was carried out to reductions of 70&#x25; and 85&#x25;. Two levels of solute carbon were obtained prior to cold rolling by quenching and overaging. Recrystallization textures were measured following single and two step isothermal annealing treatments. In the latter, the level of solute carbon is lowered prior to the commencement
of recrystallization. For the single step treatment, the &#x7B;111&#x7D; texture intensity was lower in all the samples that had a high level of solute carbon present during rolling. However, when the two step annealing treatment was employed a different trend emerged. Under these circumstances, the fine grain size high rolling reduction sample showed a stronger &#x7B;111&#x7D; texture after annealing when the solute carbon level was high during rolling.

M. R. Barnett

L. Kestens

Strengthening the &#x7B;111&#x7D; Texture in Steel Sheet by
Increasing the Level of Solute Carbon During Cold Rolling

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Texture, Stress, and Microstructure

Table of Contents

Table of Contents: 2000

The Growth of Oxide Scales on Textured Nickel

The Evolution of Texture During Annealing of Nanocrystalline Electroless Nickel Alloy Deposits

Texture of Electrodeposited Copper Coatings as Related to Their Substructure, Granular Structure and Surface Morphology

Initial and Recrystallization Textures of Nickel Electrodeposits

Texture and Microstructure Control in Zinc Coated Steel Sheets. Effect on Formability of the Coatings

The Microstructural Characterization of Electrogalvanized Zinc–Iron and Zinc–Nickel Coatings

Texture Control in Thin Films Using Ion Bombardment

Strengthening the {111} Texture in Steel Sheet by Increasing the Level of Solute Carbon During Cold Rolling