Differentiating between Underwater Construction Noise of Monopile and Jacket Foundations for Offshore Windmills: A Case Study from the Belgian Part of the North Sea

Figure 2

Application of the propagation model to jacket piling (dashed line) and monopiling (plain line). Squares and circles are the measured 𝐿_𝑧−𝑝, respectively, for jacket and monopile (Table 1) while the horizontal line at 149 dB re 1 μPa represents the level (𝐿_𝑧−𝑝) for major behavioural disturbance for harbour porpoise [13].