Infertility affects 15% of couples in Western countries. Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of attempts without contraception, but it is not synonymous with sterility. Between 30 and 50% of infertile couples are infertile due to male reasons, mainly due to sperm production disorders. Although some risk factors, most of which are infectious, have been identified, there is still much uncertainty about the origins of male infertility.

Luc Multigner

Alejandro Oliva

Environment as a Risk Factor for Male Infertility

This paper reviews recent literature on the role of lipoprotein lipase in the central nervous system with a focus on its recently described role in synaptic remodeling. This novel role could have implication for Alzheimer's disease treatment.

Jean-Francois Blain

Judes Poirier

Could Lipoprotein Lipase Play a Role in Alzheimer's Disease?

For some time, estrogen has been suspected to play a negative role in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fibroblast biosynthesis; however, reports on this issue have been controversial. In a recent study, our group demonstrated a negative combined effect of estrogen and mechanical loading on the gene expression of major extracellular matrix component molecules in ACL fibroblasts.

Xuhui Liu

Zong-Ping Luo

Combined Effects of Estrogen and Mechanical Loading on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fibroblast Biosynthesis

There is solid epidemiological evidence demonstrating that the regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of developing colorectal cancer, and to a lesser extent gastric and esophageal cancers[1]. Importantly, NSAIDs suppress colon polyp formation and progression in patients diagnosed with familial adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)[2]. In many animal studies, NSAIDs have been shown to prevent tumor formation and slow tumor progression, thus confirming and extending the clinical observations[3,4,5]. Recent findings have demonstrated that NSAIDs inhibit angiogenesis, suggesting that the tumor suppressive activity of these drugs may be due, at least in part, to their ability to inhibit tumor angiogenesis[6]. The study of the mechanism by which NSAIDs suppress tumor angiogenesis, is matter of intense research.

Curzio Raegg

Olivier Dormond

Suppression of Tumor Angiogenesis by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: A New Function for Old Drugs

Campylobacter jejuni constitutes the leading cause of bacterial diarrhea in the U.S. and all around the world [1]. This common bacterium produces a toxin known as cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) [2] which causes intoxicated cells to enlarge and to stop dividing with a double DNA content characteristic of G2/M arrest [3]. The effect of the toxin on the cell is so striking that it captivated scientists for a long time. However, its mechanism of action had remained elusive.

Maria Lara-Tejero

A Bacterial Toxin that Causes DNA Damage to Modulate Cellular Responses

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases that consists of ulcerative colitis (UC), an inflammation of the large intestine, and Crohn�s disease (CD), which can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. IBD affects approximately 1 in every 1000 individuals in western countries. There is a marked tendency in the age of onset toward gradually younger people. IBD represents a genuine problem in public health because of the absence of etiologic treatment. The clinical image is characterized by recurrent segmental or total inflammatory involvement of the large and/or small intestine, often resulting in a chronic, unpredictable course. The symptoms of both are extremely unpleasant and impact all aspects of quality of life. They include diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, fever, nausea, weight loss, lethargy, and loss of appetite. If left untreated, malnutrition, dehydration, and anemia follow, which, in extreme cases, can even lead to death. Although many patients are managed successfully with conventional medical therapy, such as anti-inflammatory corticosteroid treatment, some stay refractory to treatment, most will have recurrent activity of disease, and two thirds will require surgery. Administered orally or by injection, only a fraction of the active components of most conventional drugs reaches the intended target site, the inflamed intestinal lining. This is not only an inefficient way to deliver drugs, but, more important, means that patients are often subject to a spectrum of unpleasant side effects that result from the high levels of the drugs in other, otherwise healthy tissues and organs of the body.

Lothar Steidler

Lactococcus lactis, A Tool for the Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins Treatment of IBD

Studies using specific agonists, antagonists, and lesions have shown that nicotinic cholinergic systems participate in attention, learning, and memory[1,2]. The nicotinic manipulations usually have the greatest influence on difficult tasks or on cognitively impaired subjects[2]. For example, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a loss of cholinergic projections and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the cortex and hippocampus[3]. Nicotine skin patches can improve learning rates and attention in Alzheimer's patients[4].

John A. Dani

Nicotinic Receptor Activity Alters Synaptic Plasticity

Martin Götte

Frank Echtermeyer

Syndecan-1 as a Regulator of Chemokine Function

Immunological tolerance represents a mechanism by which cells of the host remain protected from the immune system. Breaking of immunological tolerance can result in a variety of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. The reasons for tolerance breaking down and autoimmune processes arising are largely unknown but of obvious interest for therapeutic intervention of these diseases. Although reversal of the tolerant state is generally unwanted, there are instances where this may be of benefit to the host. In particular, one way a cancerous cell escapes being targeted by the immune system is through tolerance mechanisms that in effect turn off the reactivity of T lymphocytes that can respond to tumor-associated peptides. Thus tolerance represents a major obstacle in developing effective immunotherapy against tumors. The molecules that are involved in regulating immunological tolerance are then of interest as they may be great targets for positively or negatively manipulating the tolerance process.

Pratima Bansal-Pakala

Michael Croft

Breaking Immunological Tolerance through OX40 (CD134)

As the medical community strives to improve on the efficacy of anticancer treatments, a critical issue not to be overlooked since the overall quantity of life has been substantially increased in many cancer survivors is the quality of that life post-therapy. Indeed, one of the most worrisome side effects of conventional cancer treatments is damage to the gonads. This problem is compounded in females since the ovaries, unlike the testes, are incapable of germ cell renewal in postnatal life. As a consequence, the inappropriate destruction of female germ cells (oocytes) following exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation is irreparable, often leading to premature menopause and infertility [1]. Considering recent estimates that 1 in 52 human females between birth and age 39 (i.e., the pre-reproductive and reproductive years) will be diagnosed with, and presumably treated for, cancer [2], new strategies to minimize or prevent gonadal damage during such treatments would have a profound positive impact on millions of lives.

Jonathan L. Tilly

Emerging Technologies to Control Oocyte Apoptosis Are Finally Treading on Fertile Ground

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The Scientific World Journal publishes original research and review articles&nbsp;covering a wide range of subjects in science, technology, and medicine.

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The Scientific World Journal

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