Systematic Analysis of Risk Associated with Supply Chain Operations Using Blockchain Technology

Khan, Habib Ullah; Malik, Muhammad Zain; Khan, Sulaiman

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6916048

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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Abstract Introduction Results and Analysis Conclusions Data Availability Disclosure Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

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Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Architecture, Algorithms, and Applications

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Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 6916048 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6916048

Systematic Analysis of Risk Associated with Supply Chain Operations Using Blockchain Technology

Habib Ullah Khan,¹Muhammad Zain Malik,¹and Sulaiman Khan¹

Academic Editor: Muhammad Imran

Received30 May 2022

Revised29 Jun 2022

Accepted20 Jul 2022

Published26 Aug 2022

Abstract

Advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT), big data analytics, and artificial intelligence- (AI-) based techniques brought a dramatic revolution in diverse research domains, including healthcare, IoT, and networking. Blockchain technologies are gaining traction from both private and government organizations at an incredible rate. Emerging technologies have different levels of technological complexities and commercial ramifications. This technology is playing an essential role in the financial revolution of banking and regulatory sectors. Blockchain has piqued the interest of many academics, organizations, and businesses, particularly in using bitcoin. To grasp the significance of this revolution, a comprehensive assessment is performed to bridge the gaps in the targeted blockchain-driven domain with different perspectives. For this systematic review process, a set of four distinct research questions were formulated to accumulate the most relevant research trends. In private and public organizations, it is a securing technology to deliver trustworthy and protected services to users because of its decentralized, controlled aspect. Financial services, real estate, supply chain management, healthcare, academics, and other industries benefit significantly from this evolutionary technology. These application cases are diverse and far-reaching, ranging from smart contracts to blockchain-encrypted educational certificates. This systematic analysis has investigated a total of 113 relevant articles and concluded with the features and functions in an economic setting and briefed how these variables can balance players’ incentives, define core blockchain-related features, and present new research ideas to solve the proposed risk.

1. Introduction

Technology has changed administration departments in the organizations to observe the positive influences of the technology [1]. Recently, our civilization has witnessed introducing an inventive trend of disruptive technologies across several industries dubbed Industry 4.0 [2]. The Internet of Things (IoT) [3] and its emerging concepts are increasingly coming together to achieve a common goal: enabling intelligent objects to interconnect nearby and over the Internet to gather comprehensive data that provide modified automation services with minimum deliberate human interlinkage [4]. IoT has multiplied due to the continual advancement and development of sensor technology, wireless network data transfer, embedded technology, and computer control technology. The IoT is deliberated the 3rd world information industry wave after computers and the Internet, quickly expanding [5]. The IoT intends to ease the collecting of dispersed data in the worldwide manufacturing industry [6] and the sharing and processing of knowledge and information thru many cooperating associates through the use of suitable information system design [10].

In this modern technological age, the Internet of Things- (IoT-) based application and blockchain technology-based smart systems can process data to retrieve information by ensuring high privacy and data security. It is building a global information network made of many interlinked “Things,” which is a vital enhancing technology for contemporary manufacturing [7]. Data is the key to quickly gauging educational performance. However, data and education are locked and segregated among centralized systems, resulting in knowledge gaps and errors [8]. With constant improvements in computation studies, ranging from high-speed calculations to smart autonomous systems, there has been a significant influence on other related subjects such as aerospace engineering, biomedical engineering, and robotics. As a contemporary trend and key multidisciplinary topic in the scientific world, robotics has embraced different technical assets from multiple fields [9]. Collaboration between companies is vital for achieving larger, shared goals. Consider a supply chain, where the cooperation of several firms results in a product via the various processes from manufacture to distribution [10].

Blockchain technology has just expanded much attention from industry and academics [11]. It is being employed in cryptocurrencies or electronic cash and other areas such as healthcare, financial transactions, manufacturing, insurance [12], education, and IoT, with the capacity of increased skills and durability [13]. Due to high security and credibility, it has changed the way accounts are kept in recent years. Its implementation has been spread to various other industries, such as financial sectors, banking, intellectual property protection, securities, and electronic currency [14]. Blockchain has several valuable qualities, including the ability to reduce trust assumptions. It is a technology that improves transparency by allowing users to get data and verify its integrity locally [15]. Bitcoin [16] and other cryptocurrencies are enabled by blockchain technology, which is a secure decentralized computer ledger [17].

Blockchain is a decentralized ledger for securely storing peer-to-peer network data transactions. Further, it ensures that transactions are verifiable and transparent. The primary goal of blockchain technology is to enable dual parties to perform secure transactions without the interference of a moderator [18]. Data is public and cannot be redacted in the classic blockchain system. With the advancement of blockchain technology, the problem of data immutability will become more important once it has been written on the chain [19]. Recently, the blockchain technology has fascinated well-known attention due to its valuable features, e.g., transparency [20, 21], traceability [20], decentralization [22], and immutability [23]. A blockchain contains data in blocks, which create a linked list in the order determined by a distributed consensus process [24]. Blockchain technologies are still in their early phases, and recent advancements in blockchain technology may influence findings. The created tool might provide decision-makers with a basic picture of the advantages of using blockchain technology before deciding whether or not to integrate it into their existing system [2].

The blockchain architecture facilitates information collection, management, preservation, storage, and delivery. As a result, it may be used in various industries, including health record management, digital voting, IoT data, academia, and research publishing [25]. The blockchain is a new technology that accesses many people to agree on a shared state without trusted middlemen [26]. Blockchain has recently piqued the interest of many industries and academics. By making a trustworthy and secure solution, the participants in the network share the same ledger in a distributed setting with no centralized authority. Traditional blockchain protocols have a relatively poor throughput, and researchers have proposed many strategies to increase it. Bitcoin is the first blockchain system that organizes blocks in a linear chain. Bitcoin miners will do their best to solve random cryptographic problems, a process is known as proof-of-work, to keep the chain alive. In conjunction with blockchain technology that processes network data, high privacy, and security issues, data regulations may be applied to software artefacts and data, as with the IoT [27].

2. Background Study

The economy is essential in building a resilient community, and publicly traded enterprises play a crucial role in the native economy. The challenge posed by global environmental developments has converted a severe impediment to long-term humanoid progress, and long-term process development has grown considerably more complex [28]. Corporate governance has been formed to control and direct the company by its shareholders. According to the agency theory, there will always be a mismatch between shareholders’ and the organization’s management’s aims [29]. Corporate governance is explained by the board of directors and audit committee characteristics, and corporate debt is calculated by debt ratios, short-term debt ratios, and long-term debt ratios. The situation of corporate governance has been a significant factor that affects corporate development and even regular economic running [30].

The so-called internal management and control system’s internal governance structure comprises three components or methods by the board of directors, the managers, and the shareholders. The management operations of the control system on the external market through competition are referred to as the outer governance structure or external control mechanism such as market manager, capital markets [31], product markets [32], market control, the government management system [33], accounting standards [34], legal, market manager, social media [35]. They give company performance statistics and analyze corporate conduct and operational performance [36]. The state of corporate governance has been a critical factor influencing business development and even routine economic operation [37]. The form of ownership in a corporate is an essential component of appropriate regulation of significant enterprises’ activities in the market environment at the micro and macro levels allowing all parties to the relationship to reflect their interests [38].

Artificial intelligence (AI), a subfield of computer science, underpins the theory, technique, technology, and applications for mimicking, extending, and enhancing human intellect [23]. The notion of a smart city relates to improving the city’s quality of life by utilizing full use of idle resources via sharing. Because of technical limitations, most modern resource distribution systems use centralized data storage [39]. In 2008, bitcoin was the first suggested cryptocurrency, presenting the blockchain as a distributed infrastructure platform. It enables the transfer of decentralized peer-to-peer Internet currency known as “bitcoins” from one party to another without needing a banking sectors [40]. In various digital contexts, the big data age is undermining consumer privacy. By analyzing, correlating, collecting, and managing huge volumes of personal data, large third parties gain from managing their users’ data. These organizations and their services are vulnerable to security breaches and exploitation of customer data, which influence compromise their operations consumers’ privacy, even if they are not aware of it [41].

Blockchain was established in January 2009 as the core technology of bitcoin, combining significant accomplishments in disciplines such as contemporary cryptography and distributed networks. Since the advent of bitcoin, the blockchain network has increasingly handled huge transfer transactions in a distributed way [19]. A blockchain is an advanced data structure comprising a growing list of immutable documents called blocks that are connected using cryptographic algorithms. Each block in a blockchain covers a cryptographic hash of the transactional data, the previous block, and a timestamp. In another way, a blockchain may alternatively be thought of as a distributed data structure or a distributed ledger that operates logically over a network with several nodes connected in a peer-to-peer function [42]. With the fast growth of emerging technologies such as the big data, cloud computing, and Internet of Things (IoT), the underlying technology, blockchain, is becoming the driving force behind research and technology [43]. In the last several years, blockchain has gained a lot of interest. This enormous popularity has prompted several issues, one of which is the scalability of blockchain networks [44].

A blockchain is a precise structure used to store all types of essential data in an unforgeable manner. Blockchain is a new technology that promises to solve unmanageable trust concerns by enabling safe and verified systems in various areas. It is a series of blocks interlinked together as a chain that includes proof of information. This blockchain is first used to timestamp documents to eliminate backdating. The most crucial aspect is that it cannot be modified once the data is captured. Each block is made up of information, a hash, and a hash of the preceding block [45]. After having developed as the technology behind cryptocurrencies, smart contract-enabled blockchains are increasingly implemented in the application of spirited within the organizational information systems [46]. The fundamental technology of bitcoin is blockchain, and its initial purpose is driven from economic incentives. Blockchain is a new technology encompassing several domains, including distributed systems and the Internet of Things (IoT) [47].

Following the Internet as another disruptive technical invention, blockchain has led to developing a distributed accounting system that is tamper-resistant, traceable, highly trustworthy, and decentralized. It can increase the security of grid system data and aid in developing a dependable, effective, and reliable distributed smart grid system [48]. A hybrid of blockchain and IoT seems promising, even though blockchain demands real-time data application and IoT provides mechanisms for safely and efficiently storing and managing information overloads. The technology is vital to the manufacturing industry, undergoing a digital revolution by merging equipment, advances, and data, resulting in the Industrial IoT (IIoT). A combination of IIoT and blockchain is called Blockchain Industrial Internet of Things (BIIoT) [49]. By recording and verifying permitted access to confidential medical records, blockchain can ensure the security of sensitive data. Blockchain is used to protect medical records from manipulation by acting as a distributed database [50].

3. Research Protocol

A systematic literature review (SLR) evaluates and identifies a topic of interest based on specific formulated most relevant research questions. The research questions act as a cornerstone in the SLR process. SLR seeks to provide a balanced assessment of a study topic by employing a rigorous, reliable, and traceable approach [51]. SLR is carried out by many researchers in various fields, e.g., networking [52] and healthcare systems [53]. This research examined and analyzed the most recent studies on the usage of blockchain technology for identification and solving technics of various risk factors. The following are the objectives of this SLR: (i)To analyze the current research work, four different research questions have been formulated. These questions aim to outline the models and to guarantee high security within the organizations, various kinds of threats that generally faced by the employees in the organizations, various types of tools suggested to help the organizations during unwanted situations to overcome the security risks, and various implications of the blockchain to tackle many research problems within the regulatory organizations(ii)The aim of SLR is to identify the critical problems within the available solutions and suggest exploited research directions and fulfil the research gaps within the available resolutions. These new research directions will ultimately assist the organizations and employees in ensuring high authenticity for their security means and will have no information leakage and combat intruder’s attacks(iii)This SLR work selected one hundred thirteen most relevant research articles from four different available online libraries. This selection is made on the relevant pertinent research papers that will allow the researchers to identify the most relevant research articles within the blockchain field and assessment details

This SLR work is being carried out in accordance with the established parameters presented by Keele and Kitchenham et al. [54, 55] which is considered in this proposed SLR process. The review procedure for this SLR is shown in Figure 1. It includes eight essential steps: (1) choosing of research domain; (2) formulation research questions; (3) keyword identification and query formulation; (4) digital library selection for article accumulation; (5) filtering the articles by their titles, abstract, and content provided; (6) quality assessment and evaluation; (7) analysis and identifying the gaps in the extant; and (8) conclusion and recommendations. In Figure 1, each of these steps is fully described.

3.1. Selection of Research Domain

Research papers from different online digital libraries were systematically studied to identify the concept of blockchain, discover the problem linked to the selected domain, and find out the solutions of various problems so far that what the researchers have examined.

3.2. Research Question Formulation

SLR is another method for critically assessing a given situation. Several features exist for AI-based platforms to be examined critically. Most relevant papers, book chapters, conference proceedings, and journals were deliberated at the primary stage that clearly defined blockchain application. Our initial study identified the problem faced in the selected domain. To bring out the research result, the proposed research emphasizes some research questions given below that are extracted based and helps the assessment from various papers and articles to make this SLR an effective search.

3.3. Research Questions

The research questions (RQ) are an essential part for every SLR work. Identifying the most suitable and relevant questions ensures the accuracy and relevancy of the SLR work. To explore the most relevant questions, we have formulated a set of four questions to conduct this SLR work in the proposed area from various aspects. The aims of the research questions are described in detailed in Table 1.

3.4. Keyword Identification

After finalizing the set of RQs, the next step is to formulate the most relevant keywords that exploit relevant paper from the online libraries. The completed best relevant articles retrieved are as follows: “BLOCKCHAIN, BITCOIN, DIGITAL CURRENCY, CRYPTOCURRENCY, SECURITY THREATHS, CROWD FUNDING, CHALLENGES, ISSUES, DILEMMAS”. The finalized keywords are used to develop a set of query related to the required database and modified further for the best outcomes (for obtaining most relevant results from the suitable articles).

3.5. Query Selection

To find out the best outcomes from the articles, an accumulation process is selected from the online libraries; the formulated queries are (“BLOCKCHAIN” OR “CRYPTOCURRENCY” OR “BITCOIN” OR “DIGITAL CURRENCY”) AND (“SECURITY” OR “SAFETY”) AND (“CROWD FUNDING” OR “FINANCING”) AND (“CHALLENGES” OR “ISSUES” OR “DILEMMAS”). These queries are further changed based on required results and the selected online libraries. Based on the title, substance, and abstract of the research article, the most relevant 113 articles and research publications are preferred. The full description of the accumulated research articles is defined in the following subsection.

3.6. Digital Library Selection for Article Accumulation

To gather the most pertinent research articles for the proposed SLR work, we chose four of the most popular peer-reviewed online libraries including ScienceDirect, IEEE, Hindawi, and Springer Link. Overall, the most relevant 113 research articles are selected for evaluation and assessment expect. The description regarding final database infrastructure and suitable articles chosen is described in Table 2.

A total of 113 articles are selected for the analyzing and assessment purposes. The total finalized articles have contributed in this last pool from the various online peer-reviewed repositories shown in Figure 2.

Figure 3 represents the overall impact of the selected online libraries in the finalized suitable research articles. After assessing the proportion contribution, it was concluded that IEEE Xplore and Springer Link contributed the most, which shows the interest of researchers to publish their work in these repositories.

With the increase in the technology, blockchain has become an emerging and attractive domain for the research around the world. The researchers extensively exploited blockchain and cryptocurrency in various domains including banking, financial sectors, healthcare, education, IoT and smart contracts, and Internet security and privacy, to ensure the business profitability of the organization and industries. Keeping in mind about these applications, the researchers exploited these models in banking, financial sectors, and many others to ensure high integrity, privacy, decentralization, and security of the organizations. Figure 4 explains the annual contribution of various research articles in the proposed domain based on the selected research questions.

After assessing the results as shown in Figure 4, it is identified that the number of research articles tremendously increases showing that the research community keenly explores the proposed domain. The trend shows that after 2019, the number of articles exponentially increased that indicates the interest of the different organizations to ensure high privacy and security for its assets.

3.7. Quality Assessment and Evaluation

After defining a set of final some relevant and suitable articles, the next main point is to evaluate all the relevant articles based on precise measures defined [56]. A quality criterion has been proposed for the SRL work for assessment purposes as given below: (i)1 if an article is satisfying the research question(ii)Meanwhile 0 if an article dissatisfy to research question

The overall information regarding the set of relevant articles is detailed in Figure 5. It contains the information about the references, publication year, and so on. The outer shell in Figure 5 depicts the relevant article accumulated for the assessment process. The second last shell represents the average weighted value. A higher weighted value represents the relevancy of a certain articles with the targeted research problem.

The last shell represents the year-wise publication of the most relevant articles. In Figure 5, the trend shows that since 2019, the publication number increases in the domain, and 2021 reflects that the researchers have high contribution in the maturity of this field.

4. Results and Analysis

This portion of the paper analyzes the outcome of this SLR work. The suitable articles and their highlighted explanation against each research query are described in detail as below.

What are the key elements that must be considered for developing a blockchain-based solution for a certain research problem?

This research question has outlined key elements to develop a blockchain-based solution for the research difficulties. In this technological age, security is a prime concern for many departments including both government and nongovernment organizations. The ever-growing advancements in technology have emerged security concerns for these organizations. The main objective of this research question is to summarize different factors described in the extant and figure out what type of new elements are available to insure and protect to the blockchain technology. Table 3 depicts the list of various types of key elements for research problem.

What are the different applications of blockchain-based solution in our daily life?

Blockchain has various impacts on our lives and has offered numerous state-of-the-art applications in various fields. It secures the human privacy by introducing automated applications in many research fields such as banking, financial industry, network security, and healthcare. Table 4 shows the list of application of blockchain-based solution in our daily life.

What are the key challenges that are currently faced in blockchain-driven applications?

This research question has suggested different challenges of blockchain to secure the systems by using blockchain capabilities. The prime objective of this research question is to outline the currently challenges of blockchain-driven applications. Table 5 shows the list of different challenges proposed in the research.

How block-based solutions have revolutionized the banking and financial industry?

The Industry 4.0 revolution includes a wide range of technologies such as 3D printing, cyberphysical systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI). The benefit of these disruptive technologies is their capacity to self-learn, to be secure, and to forecast in dynamic environments [2]. The immutability of data recorded on the ledger is ensured by the architecture of blockchain technology, which assures that no single corporate entity may edit, remove, or even append any record to the log without the consent of other network members [63]. A good bank is not merely the society’s financial heart, but it is also obligated to help the familiar people better their economic situations in every way feasible. Blockchain technology is a distributed, decentralized ledger that keeps track of all transactions. Blockchain technology and distributed ledger have advanced significantly to provide best solutions for a wide range of industries, particularly the financial sector. Banks, as the country’s financial cornerstone, are obligated to improve society’s overall economic status. The study seeks to investigate existing methods and governance structure weaknesses, and it gives insight into how blockchain might reorganize governance in banks [114]. Blockchain applications also encourage the development of “multicentre, weakly intermediated” scenarios, which will improve the banking industry’s efficiency [72]. With the emergence of blockchain technology and advanced technological approaches, the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is focusing on technology empowerment, interests of financial consumers under new business models, and planning for protecting the rights; building data transaction, strengthening data governance, and privacy protection mechanisms; actively innovating regulatory approaches and deepening international cooperation to meet upcoming challenges; focusing on technology empowerment; and developing the system for protecting the interests and rights of financial customers under new business models. Wholesale CBDC and retail CBDC are two types of central bank digital currency. When compared to the wholesale CBDC, existing payment system offers benefits such as speedier delivery and some anonymity and provides cheaper transaction costs, which give help to improve cross-border payment efficiency [115].

First, there is blockchain 1.0 technology. It primarily reflects to programmable currency, which is extensively utilized in electronic currency, payment and settlement, and so on. Second, there is blockchain 2.0 technology. It is an abbreviation for programmable finance. It is typically utilized in financial transactions, such as financial derivatives, private equity, and stocks [69]. The application of blockchain technology in the process of accounts receivable processing, information integration, information supervision and convenience, credit transmission process, chattel pledge management, financial financing process, service platform operation, and other links drives the expansion trend of blockchain technology in supply chain finance [116].

Blockchain technology began as distributed ledgers for bitcoin and has now evolved into a financial technology (FinTech). For a while, it was overshadowed by the bitcoin craze, but in several years, it has begun to gather lot of attention and is quickly becoming a vital technology in the FinTech family. Many professionals and academic scholars have recognized that the effect of blockchain technology extends beyond the financial industry and even bitcoin to drive change in a wide range of sectors [117]. Currently, blockchain is a topic that is receiving a lot of interest in financial technology (FinTech). It incorporates several computer technologies like point-to-point transmission, distributed data storage, encryption methods, and consensus procedures [72]. With the advent and expansion of bitcoin and Ethereum over the last decade, an increasing number of firms, from FinTech to retail, have shown an interest in incorporating blockchain-based solutions into their application portfolios [75]. Trust may lead to successful enterprises via financial tools and tactics. A trustable platform is an essential component of the financial system used to determine whether or not a user can be trusted. FinTech (Financial Technology) is the combination of finance and technology. FinTech and blockchain are popular topics among financial technology executives today. The FinTech-assisted applications and blockchain technology-based data encryption have revolutionized the regulatory organizations with a full spectrum [118].

Decentralized financing assists in identifying the possible difficulties, current business models, and other security constraints. It is considered as a new era of financial technology that has the potential to transform and modernize the traditional financial structures by providing a new canvas for entrepreneurship and creativity. Blockchain technology enables decentralized financial services in the financial sector, which are more inventive, interoperable, decentralized, transparent, and borderless [73].

5. Conclusions

Blockchain is a new technology that deserves more research. It has exposed emerging capabilities in various domains, specifically in banking, financial, and other regulatory sectors. The paper assesses a systematic literature review, develops a classification of blockchain application domains, and identifies key contributions in risk solution by using the blockchain-based technology. The analysis shows that blockchain’s unique and innovative qualities provide a significant potential for creating trust, lowering disputes and claims, enhancing communications, and precluding fraud in the financial industry. However, the advantages and qualities of blockchain for a specific application, on the other hand, are determined by technical decisions. The aim of this paper was to give a thorough examination of blockchain applications in our daily life. Our review of existing work assists us in identifying the benefits and limitations of using blockchain technology into different sectors especially in the financial and banking industry. Although this technology is still in its early phases of development and must undergo testing, it has the potential to more innovation in the future. Based on the findings of this systematic mapping, new research directions are suggested to ensure high privacy, transparency, and reliability in the blockchain-based systems.

Blockchain has changed the decision tactics of organizations. By using the capabilities of blockchain in various industries, the data can be secured and decentralized. The suggested framework can help researcher and implementers make technical design decisions in the creation of blockchain systems for a certain domain, such as privacy, decentralization, platform selection, blockchain type, and transparency. The study’s key contribution is a complete review and classification of relevant research publications on blockchain and their integration into various trends and applications, as well as the identification of specific literary trends. The blockchain platform enables the creation of a decentralized application in which the pattern of data exchanges is not influenced by any third party. The data transactions of the entities are recorded in a decentralized database in a verifiable, secure, immutable, and transparent way, complete with time stamps and other necessary information. During the initial phases of development and design, many studies have suggested solutions that have the potential to boost operating efficiency and data transparency. However, the privacy scalability and security of blockchain-based technology will demand further research before large-scale commercial implementation. As a result, a review of current blockchain research in our field of financial services and banking is required to identify specific research gaps that must be addressed in future studies.

6. Implications

This paper has many implications in our daily life especially in the banking and financial sectors. By exploiting the capabilities of blockchain technology in different fields, the effectiveness of various activities will be boosted. Organizations can be protected with the help of blockchain and hybrid technologies and protocols. The blockchain technology implementation to different industry should be made a strong policy choice that guaranteed security, efficiency, and privacy.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included from peer-reviewed online repositories, and all the articles are mentioned with full references.

Disclosure

The results obtained herein are solely the obligation of the writers.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The Qatar University Internal Grant No. QUHI-CBE-21/22-1 funded this publication.

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Copyright © 2022 Habib Ullah Khan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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