The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques

Figure 6

Calibration process employed for determining the required input parameters in the FDEM model. The microscopic Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio refer to the elastic constants of the triangular elements ( and at element scale). The macroscopic values refer to the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio obtained from the UCS testing in Figures 2 and 3 ( and at 7.5 m height specimen scale). For more information, the reader is referred to [46].