Solidification/Stabilization of Fly Ash from a Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Facility Using Portland Cement

Table 1

Heavy metals in fly ash from various districts and countries.

	Heavy metal content (mg/kg)							References
	Cr	Pb	Cu	Zn	Cd	Ni	Hg
Standard
EU	100	100	100	300	1	50	—	[20]
CCME	64	70	63	200	1.4	50	—	[21]
GB	150	280	50	200	0.3	70	0.25	[22]
China
Wuhan	282	1276	899	4187	36	—	—	[23]
Shanghai	180	2710	990	4530	90	70	—	[24]
Shenzhen	566.2	1356.4	3080.8	37383.5	77.8	1583.9	—	[25]
Spain	790	398	156	15900	≤6	90	<60	[2]
Poland	152.9	185.7	240.0	4660.0	87.5	78.6	—	[26]
Japan	235	3750	1800	21000	225	—	4.5	[27]
Portugal	185	2462	586	—	83.4	61	—	[28]
Italy	109	964	173	—	85	45	—	[29]
Denmark	99.0	2710	749.1	22400	97.6	—	—	[30]
Austria	500	4500	890	19000	350	94	—	[31]
India	120	35	100	—	—	150	—	[32]
Belgium	100	2900	500	9400	300	100	<100	[33]

Note: EU = European Union Standards (2009); CCME = Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines (1999); GB = Environmental Quality Standards for Soils of China (2009).