Torsional Behaviour and Finite Element Analysis of the Hybrid Laminated Composite Shafts: Comparison of VARTM with Vacuum Bagging Manufacturing Method

<table class="table-group" id="tab2"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Fiber type</td><td class="align_center">Vacuum Bagging</td><td class="align_center">VARTM</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"><svg height="11.439pt" id="M2" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 4.60146 11.439" width="4.60146pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M290 -163V-135C183 -126 181 -122 181 -44V583C181 662 184 666 290 675V703H120V-163H290Z" id="g113-92"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g></svg>Carbon<svg height="12.4698pt" id="M3" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 9.54789 12.4698" width="9.54789pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M226 -163V703H56V676C162 667 165 662 165 584V-43C165 -122 162 -126 56 -136V-163H226Z" id="g113-94"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.502,3.132)"><path d="M462 177V227H365V632H320C217 496 116 350 21 208V177H284V109C284 43 280 38 190 31V0H451V31C369 38 365 43 365 108V177H462ZM284 227H88C155 336 218 430 282 519H284V227Z" id="g50-53"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g></svg></td><td class="align_center">✓</td><td class="align_center">✓</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"><svg height="11.439pt" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 4.60146 11.439" width="4.60146pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M290 -163V-135C183 -126 181 -122 181 -44V583C181 662 184 666 290 675V703H120V-163H290Z" id="g113-92"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g></svg>E-glass<svg height="12.4698pt" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 9.54789 12.4698" width="9.54789pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M226 -163V703H56V676C162 667 165 662 165 584V-43C165 -122 162 -126 56 -136V-163H226Z" id="g113-94"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.502,3.132)"><path d="M462 177V227H365V632H320C217 496 116 350 21 208V177H284V109C284 43 280 38 190 31V0H451V31C369 38 365 43 365 108V177H462ZM284 227H88C155 336 218 430 282 519H284V227Z" id="g50-53"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g></svg></td><td class="align_center">✓</td><td class="align_center">✓</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"><svg height="11.439pt" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 4.60146 11.439" width="4.60146pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M290 -163V-135C183 -126 181 -122 181 -44V583C181 662 184 666 290 675V703H120V-163H290Z" id="g113-92"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g></svg>Carbon<svg height="12.4698pt" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 27.5203 12.4698" width="27.5203pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M226 -163V703H56V676C162 667 165 662 165 584V-43C165 -122 162 -126 56 -136V-163H226Z" id="g113-94"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.502,3.132)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z" id="g50-51"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.354,0)"><path d="M535 230V280H323V490H265V280H52V230H265V-3H323V230H535Z" id="g117-36"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.89,0)"><path d="M290 -163V-135C183 -126 181 -122 181 -44V583C181 662 184 666 290 675V703H120V-163H290Z" id="g113-92"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g></svg>E-glass<svg height="12.4698pt" id="M8" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 9.54789 12.4698" width="9.54789pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M226 -163V703H56V676C162 667 165 662 165 584V-43C165 -122 162 -126 56 -136V-163H226Z" id="g113-94"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.502,3.132)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z" id="g50-51"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g></svg></td><td class="align_center">✓</td><td class="align_center">✓</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"><svg height="11.439pt" id="M9" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 4.60146 11.439" width="4.60146pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M290 -163V-135C183 -126 181 -122 181 -44V583C181 662 184 666 290 675V703H120V-163H290Z" id="g113-92"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g></svg>E-glass<svg height="12.4698pt" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 27.5203 12.4698" width="27.5203pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M226 -163V703H56V676C162 667 165 662 165 584V-43C165 -122 162 -126 56 -136V-163H226Z" id="g113-94"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.502,3.132)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z" id="g50-51"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.354,0)"><path d="M535 230V280H323V490H265V280H52V230H265V-3H323V230H535Z" id="g117-36"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.89,0)"><path d="M290 -163V-135C183 -126 181 -122 181 -44V583C181 662 184 666 290 675V703H120V-163H290Z" id="g113-92"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g></svg>carbon<svg height="12.4698pt" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 9.54789 12.4698" width="9.54789pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M226 -163V703H56V676C162 667 165 662 165 584V-43C165 -122 162 -126 56 -136V-163H226Z" id="g113-94"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="345" vert-adv-y="345"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.502,3.132)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z" id="g50-51"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g></svg></td><td class="align_center">✓</td><td class="align_center">✓</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="3"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

Configuration of produced shaft specimens for two different production methods.

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

tab2

Table 2

Table 2: Torsional Behaviour and Finite Element Analysis of the Hybrid Laminated Composite Shafts: Comparison of VARTM with Vacuum Bagging Manufacturing Method 

Table 2 | Torsional Behaviour and Finite Element Analysis of the Hybrid Laminated Composite Shafts: Comparison of VARTM with Vacuum Bagging Manufacturing Method 