Driving Comfort Evaluation for Manhole Covers and Pavement around Manholes

Figure 3

Driver acceleration changes with time under the influence of different factors. (a) Vibration of the manhole cover. (b) Stiffness of the manhole cover. (c) Subsidence of manhole. (d) Driving speed. (e) Height difference. (f) Longitudinal slope value. (g) Driving direction. (h) Tire stiffness coefficient. (i) Tire damping coefficient.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)