Force and Deformation Characteristics during the Reconstruction and Expansion of Shallow Single-Tube Tunnels into Large-Span Multiarch Tunnels

<div>Stress time history curves of secondary lining of right tunnel: (a) after the excavation of the right tunnel tube; (b) after the excavation of the left tunnel tube.</div>

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Figure 12

Figure 12: Force and Deformation Characteristics during the Reconstruction and Expansion of Shallow Single-Tube Tunnels into Large-Span Multiarch Tunnels 

Figure 12 | Force and Deformation Characteristics during the Reconstruction and Expansion of Shallow Single-Tube Tunnels into Large-Span Multiarch Tunnels 