Force and Deformation Characteristics during the Reconstruction and Expansion of Shallow Single-Tube Tunnels into Large-Span Multiarch Tunnels

<div>Monitoring data: (a) surface subsidence process; (b) surface subsidence caused by left and right tunnel tubes.</div>

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

fig15

Figure 15

Figure 15: Force and Deformation Characteristics during the Reconstruction and Expansion of Shallow Single-Tube Tunnels into Large-Span Multiarch Tunnels 

Figure 15 | Force and Deformation Characteristics during the Reconstruction and Expansion of Shallow Single-Tube Tunnels into Large-Span Multiarch Tunnels 