Force and Deformation Characteristics during the Reconstruction and Expansion of Shallow Single-Tube Tunnels into Large-Span Multiarch Tunnels

<div>Arrangement of strain gauge measurement points for surrounding rock, lining, and middle partition wall.</div>

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Figure 3

Figure 3: Force and Deformation Characteristics during the Reconstruction and Expansion of Shallow Single-Tube Tunnels into Large-Span Multiarch Tunnels 

Figure 3 | Force and Deformation Characteristics during the Reconstruction and Expansion of Shallow Single-Tube Tunnels into Large-Span Multiarch Tunnels 