Influence of Ground Temperature on Shotcrete-to-Rock Adhesion in Tunnels

Table 2

Shotcrete porosity at various temperatures and humidities [33].

Working condition	N-50	S-50	N-50	S-50	N-50	S-50	N-50	S-50
Porosity (%)	2.33	2.58	2.69	2.74	3.81	5.6	6.2	7.29

N: high-humidity curing; S: low-humidity curing.