Influence of Ground Temperature on Shotcrete-to-Rock Adhesion in Tunnels

Table 3

Tunnel comprehensive cooling method statistics.

Tunnel name	Project overview	Comprehensive measures
Anfang Tunnel (Japan)	The water inrush temperature reaches 73°C	(1) Chemical liquid grouting for 2 m outside the upper half section of the tunnel
		(2) Discharge the geothermal water with a water pump
A water diversion tunnel in Xinjiang (China)	The maximum temperature of the excavation surface reaches 67°C	(1) Spray watering
	The maximum temperature in the drilling hole is 82°C	(2) Set up drilling equipment with its own circulating water
		(3) Reasonably arrange the high-temperature operation
Niangyong hydropower station diversion tunnel (China)	The ambient temperature after blasting is 48°C	(1) The spray cooling system is used to cool the environment inside the cave
	The temperature of the rock surface is 52°C	(2) Cooling circulation system is used to cool the blast hole of the excavation face
Luquan lead factory diversion tunnel (China)	The temperature of the local surrounding rock is 76°C	(1) Spray watering
		(2) Insulate high-temperature surrounding rock and add 0.03% high efficiency air-entraining agent to spray concrete
		(3) For the digging puddles in the high-water temperature section, the water pump is used to discharge the hot water
		(4) Transporting ice cubes to the excavation surface