Power Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing: Process Parameters, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties

Figure 4

Effect of (a) amplitude, (b) speed, (c) normal force, and (d) substrate temperature on % LWD of Al3003 build material. ((a–d) redrawn from [43], (e) and (f) from this work).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)