Review Article
On the Recent Trends in Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Calcium-Based Stabilizer Materials (CSMs): A Comprehensive Review
Table 3
Summary of oxide composition of traditional Ca-based stabilizer materials (CSMs) from previous studies.
| | Popular Ca-based stabilizers | CaO (C) | SiO2 (S) | Al2O3 (A) | SO3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | K2O | TiO2 | LOI | Gs | LL (%) |
| | Hydrated lime [84] | 70.9 | 1.20 | 0.70 | — | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 26.1 | 2.32 | | | Extinct lime [85] | 83.3 | 2.50 | 1.50 | 2.50 | 2.00 | 0.50 | — | — | — | — | — | | Lime [86] | 45.0 | 12.0 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.80 | — | 40.0 | — | — | | Lime sludge [87] | 48.0 | 6.50 | 1.15 | — | 1.20 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Cement [88] | 44.7 | 27.4 | 13.1 | 3.96 | 3.30 | 1.19 | 1.14 | — | 4.01 | — | — | | Cement [89] | 65.2 | 20.4 | 4.10 | | 3.20 | 4.50 | 0.59 | — | — | — | — | | Cement [90] | 63.0 | 20.0 | 6.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | — | 1.00 | — | — | — | — | | CKD [91] | 63.9 | 11.9 | 9.90 | 0.00 | 3.40 | 1.70 | 0.10 | — | 4.70 | 2.80 | | | FA [92] | 1.60 | 54.4 | 28.6 | — | 3.20 | 1.40 | 1.70 | 1.80 | 5.00 | 2.15 | 32 | | FA [93] | 2.40 | 58.5 | 27.8 | 0.03 | 8.10 | 0.70 | 0.01 | — | 2.10 | — | — | | FA [94] | 6.70 | 55.6 | 26.4 | — | 3.90 | 0.60 | 2.10 | 1.00 | 3.68 | 2.13 | 46 | | FA [95] | 1.60 | 54.4 | 28.6 | — | 3.20 | 1.40 | 1.70 | 1.80 | 5.00 | 2.15 | 32 | | FA [96] | 48.9 | 19.9 | 9.30 | 7.30 | 5.70 | 3.70 | 0.50 | — | 3.01 | — | — | | Class C FA [97] | 29.1 | 31.9 | 17.5 | 2.0 | 5.10 | — | — | — | 1.00 | 2.6 | NP | | Class F FA [98] | 14.3 | 41.3 | 16.3 | 0.70 | 6.30 | 4.70 | 2.60 | — | 0.10 | 2.53 | NP | | GGBS [99] | 34.0 | 34.3 | 17.9 | 1.64 | 1.00 | 6.02 | 0.64 | — | 2.66 | — | — | | GGBS [100] | 44.9 | 29.2 | 13.8 | — | 5.50 | 6.20 | 1.00 | 2.10 | — | 2.84 | 40 | | Steel slag [100] | 25.8 | 16.4 | 2.40 | — | 26.0 | 10.0 | — | 0.80 | — | — | — | | BA [91] | 11.7 | 47.8 | 10.2 | — | 5.70 | 2.80 | 2.60 | 0.80 | 16.1 | — | — | | BA [95] | 3.20 | 57.1 | 29.7 | 0.02 | 2.75 | — | — | 1.13 | — | — | — | | BA [101] | 4.30 | 67.8 | 6.90 | — | 3.84 | — | — | — | — | — | — | | Coal waste ash (CWA) [102] | 2.30 | 55.7 | 23.3 | — | 3.40 | 0.90 | 3.50 | 1.20 | 38.7 | 1.94 | — | | GSA [93] | 10.9 | 33.4 | 6.8 | 6.40 | 2.16 | 4.72 | 25.4 | — | — | — | — | | GSA [103] | 15.5 | 23.9 | 8.9 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 22.9 | 1.02 | — | — | — |
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LOI: loss on ignition; Gs: specific gravity; NP: nonplastic; —, “no available data.”
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