|
| Location of expansive soil | Expansive soil properties | Stabilizer | Properties improved |
| Gs | LL (%) | PL (%) | PI (%) | Activity | USCS | MDD (kN/m3) | OMC (%) | Type | Optimum amount |
|
| Oman, Al-Khoud [71] | 2.80 | 50 | 29.5 | 20.5 | 1.03 | MH | 17.5 | 21 | Lime (L), cement (C), pozzolan (P) | 5% L + 3% C.
Other studies:
2% L + 1% C [94]
4% L + 30% red mud [137]
8% L + 4% C [71]
8% L + 20% P [84] | Ps = 249 to 45 kPa
PI = 20 to 8%
Ps = by 840% |
| China, Hefei, Anhui [138] | 2.71 | 42.8 | 22 | 20.8 | — | MH | 17.3 | 18.9 | Fly ash (F), sand (S), basalt fiber (B) | 10% F + 8% S + 0.4% B | LL, PI, PL UCS = 345 to 900 kPa (with 0.4% Ba fibers) |
| USA, Idabel, Oklahoma [121] | — | 79 | 25 | 54 | 1.30 | CH | — | — | Lime (L) and Class C fly ash (CFA) | 5, 10, 15, and 20% [54]
L and CFA each | Shrinkage = maximum at 20% lime |
| India, Calcutta (80% BC + 20% Na-bentonite) [95] | 2.66 | 78 | 45 | 33 | 3 | CH | — | — | Fly ash (F) and GGBS (G) | 20% mixture of F and G [121]
(F:G 70 : 30) + 1% L | UCS = 270 to 450 kPa (28 days curing)
Addition of 1%
Lime: 270 to 875 kPa |
| Australia, Queensland [68] | 2.65 | 86 | 37 | 49 | 1.66 | CH | 12.65 | 36.5 | Bagasse ash (B) and lime (L) | 25% B (modest effect on strength)
10%B + 10% L [95] | MDD, swelling
UCS (0–25% BA + lime mix) |
| Pakistan, Kohat city, KPK [139] | 2.71 | 43 | 41 | 22 | 0.6 | CL | 18.1 | 14.9 | Bagasse ash (B) and marble dust (M) [68] | 4-6 % B
8–10% M [140]
Combined effect: 8% B + 16% lime sludge [139] | B: swelling, UCS
till 5% B, MDD5%
M: swelling, UCS
At 10% M, MDD4% |
| India, Dadri (100% bentonite) Dadri [96] | 2.71 | 412 | 60 | 352 | 3.5 | CH | 12.6 | 41.0 | Dadri fly ash and lime (L) | 10–15% [141]
(with 3% L) | UCS (strength of cured sample > uncured samples)
Ps = (as F and L content increases) |
| China, Guangxi province [14] | 2.73 | 77 | 34 | 43 | — | CH | 17.2 | — | Ps versus ω, MDD relation | — | Models developed which needs to be validated due to lack of experimental results |
| Algeria, S-H clay, M’sila [142] | — | 84 | 33 | 51 | 1.98 | CH | 19.7 | 19.43 | Portland cement (P) and lime (L) | 12% P and L each. (lime is a much better option) | PI:, methylane blue values, CBR, shear strength |
| Iran, taleghan city [87] | — | 47 | 21 | 26 | <1 | CL | 16.4 | 18.0 | Coal ash (C) and hydrated lime (HL) | 9% C + 6% HL | With coal: less effect on properties
coal + h. lime, UCS
PI, CBR |
| Taiwan, taipei [137] | — | 30 | 20 | 10 | >1 | CL | 16.6 | 16.8 | Sewage sludge ash (S) and lime (L) | 8% admixture (S:L 4 : 1) | CBR, UCS, PI |
| Sudan, Khartoum [123] | 2.64 | 76 | 24 | 52 | 1.3 | CH | 1.49 | 26.0 | Fly ash (F) | 10% F (F: SiO2 is 54%, alumina 34%, CaO is 3.6%) | Ps (50% to 70%),
at 25% F, Ps (90%),
UCS (almost 100%) |
| Brazil, curitiba city [143] | 2.71 | 53 | 32 | 21 | <1 | MH | 13.8 | 28.5 | Lime (L) | 9% L | UCS (by 75%)
Porosity, MDD |
| Spain, Granada [21] | | 69 | 48 | 21 | 1.4 | CH | 15.7 | 40 | Lime (L), steel slag (S) | Dolomite L (effective as commercial L) S: also good | Increase in pH
Increase in CO3
UCS, plasticity |
|
