Application of Artificial Ground Freezing Technology in Modern Urban Underground Engineering

Table 1

Parameters of the model.

Physical quantities	Symbol	Value	Unit
Water density	ρL	1000	kg/m^3
Ice density	ρI	800	kg/m^3
Sandy gravel density	ρS	2500	kg/m^3
Water specific heat	CL	4182	J/(kg^∗K)
Ice specific heat	CI	2091	J/(kg^∗K)
Sandy gravel specific heat	CS	780	J/(kg^∗K)
Water thermal conductivity	KL	0.6	W/(m^∗K)
Ice thermal conductivity	KI	2.2	W/(m^∗K)
Sandy gravel thermal conductivity	KS	2.3	W/(m^∗K)
Latent heat of water	L	333	kJ/kg
Porosity of sandy gravel	φ	18.5	%
Permeability coefficient	ku	11.1	m/d