Surface Integrity of AISI 52100 Steel during Hard Turning in Different Near-Dry Environments

Table 2

Experimental parameters.

Constant parameters
Workpiece material	AISI 52100 bearing steel (55 ± 3 HRc)
Cutting insert	PVD coated TiSiN-TiAlN WC (SECO TH1000)
Depth of cut (mm)	0.30
Flow rate in MQL (ml/hr.)	100 (at 0.5 MPa air pressure)
Nozzle stand of distance (mm)	20
Base oil for MQCL	Soybean (vegetable oil)
Nanoparticles for nanofluid	(1) MWCNT:(length: 10 μm, outer diameter: 15 nm, bulk density: 0.04–0.06 g/cm^3); (2) Al2O3: (particle size: 60 nm, density: 3.95 gm/ml^3)
Variables
Cutting speed (m/min)	80, 140, and 200
Feed (mm/rev)	0.08, 0.14, and 0.2
Machining environment	(a) Dry, (b) CCAVT, (c) MQCL, and (d) Hybrid NF-MQCL
Responses
Surface integrity	(a) White layer formation, residual stresses (MPa), microhardness (Hv), and surface roughness (μm)