Studying and Optimizing the Effect of Process Parameters on Machining Vibration in Turning Process of AISI 1040 Steel

Table 1

Properties of AISI 1040 steel [37].

Element	%
Chemical composition
Iron, Fe	98.6–99
Manganese, Mn	0.60–0.90
Carbon, C	0.370–0.440
Sulfur, S	≤0.050
Phosphorous, P	≤0.040
Mechanical properties
Tensile strength	620 MPa
Yield strength	415 MPa
Elastic modulus	190–210 GPa
Poisson’s ratio	0.27–0.30
Elongation at break (in 50 mm)	25%