A Comprehensive Review on Bast Fibre Retting Process for Optimal Performance in Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites

Table 5

Pectic enzyme production by numerous microorganisms and its substrate and fermentation methods [129].

Microorganisms	Enzyme	Carbon sources	Fermentation methods
Aspergillus spp.	Pectinolytic enzymes	Wheat bran (WB) and orange-peel waste (OPW)	SSF
A. niger	Pectinase and cellulase	WB and OPW	SSF and SmF
A. giganteus	Polygalacturonase (PG)	OPW and pectin	SmF
A. awamori	Exo-PG and xylanase	OPW and grape pomace	SSF
A. japonicus	Pectinase and CMCase	OPW	SmF
A. foetidus	Pectinase	OPW	SmF
A. fumigatus	Pectinase	OPW	SSF
A. sojae	PG	OPW	SmF
A. sojae	PG	WB	SSF
Penicillium oxalicum	Pectinase and CMCase	OPW	SmF
P. oxalicum	PAL	OPW	SSF
P. viridicatum	Pectin lyase and PG	OPW and WB	SSF
Aspergillus and Penicillium	PG	OPW	SSF
Trichoderma sp.	PG	OPW	SSF
Eupenicillium javanicum	Cellulase, pectinase, xylanase	Citrus processing waste	SSF
Pseudozyma sp.	Pectinase	OPW	SSF
Bacillus licheniformis	PG	Pectin	SmF
Thermoascus aurantiacus	PG	OPW and WB	SmF
Rhizopus oryzae	PAL	OPW	SSF
Fusarium solani	Exo-PG	OPW	SSF