|
| Year of the study | Enzymes used | Incubation conditions/retting conditions | Target fibres | Matrix | Composite strength (MPa) | Reference |
|
| 2019 | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Treated with aqueous solution of pectinase (1%) containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at 50°C for 24 h | Kenaf | Starch | a | [154] |
|
| 2019 | Pectate lyase, pectin methylesterase, PG, hemicellulases, and xylanase | 25 mM EDTA, pH 6.5, 40°C, 24 h | Flax | Epoxy | — | [155] |
|
| 2018 | — | Approximately 30 kg of hemp fibres were treated at 39°C–42°C for 24–30 h depending on the conditions. pH of the solution was 4.1–4.5 throughout the process. The treated fibres were rinsed with water until water dripping from the fibres reached a pH of at least 6.0 | Hemp | Epoxy | 46 | [156] |
|
| 2017 | P. radiata Cel 26 and pectinase | Retting was conducted for 7, 14, and 20 days in 1 L Erlenmeyer flasks at 28 C | Hemp | Epoxy | 280–300 | [101] |
|
| 2016 | Endo-polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) and pectin lyase (EC 4.2.2.10) | Hydrothermal pretreatment with three different water vapour pressures at 40°C followed by 0, 30, 90, 150, 240, and 300 min at a pH of 6.0 using 25 mmol dm3 citrate buffer, a temperature of 40°C, and an agitation of 100 rpm | Hemp | Epoxy | 325 | [78] |
|
| 2008 | SIHA-Panzym® DF (EC 3.2.1.15, Novozyme A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) | 1 M sodium hydrogen carbonate, 1 M citric acid, 10 mM EDTA at 35°C and pH 4.5 | Hemp | Polypropylene, PP | 34.0–47.6 | [157] |
|
| 2014 | Cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases | 50 mM Na-citrate buffer, pH 5.0, with a fibre consistency of 4%. The treatment time was two hours, and the temperature was 45°C | Flax | PLA | — | [158] |
|
| 2012 | Pectinase, laccase, cellulase, and xylanase | Jute fabrics were treated with 2 wt% nonionic detergent solution at 70°C for 1 h before enzymatic treatment. The liquid ratio was 1 : 40 for all the treatments. Enzymatic treatments were performed with various enzyme solutions for 90 and 180 min | Jute | Polyester | 35.86–50.19 | [159, 160] |
|
| 2012 | Cellulase | A bath ratio of 20 : 1, pH 4.8, and 50°C in acetic acid and sodium acetate buffer solution | Flax | PLA | a | [161] |
|
| 2011 | Bacterial pectinolytic enzyme with lyase activity | HCl 50 mM with Ca buffer, pH 8.5, 42°C, and 50 rpm in lab-scale reactors for 10–46 hours | Flax | Vinyl ester | 48.54–71.46 | [162] |
|
| 2009 | White-rot fungi Phanerochaete sordida (D2B), Pycnoporus species (Pyc), and Schizophyllum commune (S.com) | Dried nonretted hemp fibres were sterilised using gamma radiation of 26.0 kGy (kilogray) in sealed sterilisation bags. Irradiated hemp fibres were then inoculated with white-rot fungi (D2B, Pyc, and S.com) for 2 weeks. Water was added for all fungal treatments and bag retting to give a moisture content of 60 wt.% | Hemp | PP | 37.54–45.33 | [163] |
|
