Effects of Surfactant Warm-Mix Additives on the Rheological Properties of High-Viscosity Asphalt

Figure 9

Evolution of S and m values versus loading time for warm-mix HVA at (a) −18°C and (b) −24°C, and (c) the ratio of creep stiffness S and m as a function of WMA content at −18 and −24°C.

(a)

(b)

(c)