Fast Rate Production of Biodiesel from Neem Seed Oil Using a Catalyst Made from Banana Peel Ash Loaded with Metal Oxide (Li-CaO/Fe₂ (SO₄)₃)

Table 4

Physicochemical properties of neem biodiesel.

Test/characteristics	Petrol diesel ASTM D975 limits	Biodiesel ASTM D 6751 limits	Biodiesel
Density at 15 kg/m^3	850	860–900	863.8
Kinematics viscosity at 40°C (mm^2/s)	2–4.5	1.9–6.0	3.8
Pour point (°C)	−35 to −15	NS	−30
Flashpoint (°C)	60–80	130 min	150
Cloud point (°C)	−15 to −5	NS	−40
Cetane index (minimum)	—	47	48.9
Initial boiling point (°C)	—	NS	86
Final boiling point (°C)	—	NS	86
Calorific value	42–46	—	43
Acid value (titration) (mgKOH/g)	—	0.5 max	0.12