[Retracted] MicroRNA-4325 Suppresses Cell Progression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via GATA-Binding Protein 6

Huo, Xiaoxia; Zhou, Houmin; Li, Tiantian

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6616982

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Volume 2021 | Article ID 6616982 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6616982

[Retracted] MicroRNA-4325 Suppresses Cell Progression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via GATA-Binding Protein 6

Xiaoxia Huo,¹Houmin Zhou,²and Tiantian Li²

Academic Editor: Zhenbo Xu

Received30 Dec 2020

Revised27 Jan 2021

Accepted15 Mar 2021

Published10 Apr 2021

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRs) are regulators of the formation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The biological role of miR-4325 in HCC has yet to be determined. This study is aimed at dissecting the role of miR-4325 in HCC and the underlying mechanism. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect miR-4325 expression in HCC tissue specimens and cells. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were assessed by using the MTT assay and Transwell assay, respectively. The miR-4325 target was predicted based on bioinformatics analysis and validated using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Rescue experiments in the cells were utilized to functionally characterize the downstream molecular targets of miR-4325. We observed that miR-4325 expression levels were significantly reduced in both HCC tissue specimens and cell lines. Meanwhile, a lower miR-4325 level was associated with a poorer prognosis. Gain and loss of function assays revealed that miR-4325 markedly downregulated HCC cell growth, migration, and invasion. Moreover, we identified GATA-binding protein 6 (GATA6) as a miR-4325 target and found that GATA6 was abnormally expressed in HCC. Rescue assays demonstrated that the regulatory function of miR-4325 in HCC was mediated by GATA6. Taken together, miR-4325 suppresses HCC cell growth, migration, and invasion by targeting GATA6, suggesting that miR-4325 may potentially serve as a novel therapeutic target for HCC.

1. Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been the fifth most prevalent malignancy and ranked as the third cause of cancer-associated death worldwide in the past ten years [1, 2]. According to the latest epidemiological statistics, in 2018, more than 841,000 new HCC cases were diagnosed and over 782,000 HCC patients died in the world [3]. Although, great progresses have been made in the comprehensive treatments for HCC, such as surgical resection, the 5-year survival rate of HCC patients is still as low as 10% [4]. In addition, once HCC progresses to the advanced stage, currently available therapies can only marginally improve the overall survival of patients and are not considered cost-effective. This may be due to the unknown and complex etiology as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms of HCC [5]. Thus, it remains crucial to investigate the potential pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of HCC progression.

As a class of noncoding small RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) negatively regulate the target gene expression through binding to the 3-untranslated region (3-UTR) of the target mRNA for mRNA degradation [6, 7]. It has been shown that miRNAs are abnormally expressed in various malignancies including HCC [8–10], while playing a pivotal role in regulating numerous tumor-related processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis [8]. Tian et al. [9] reported that miR-191 promotes cell cycle progression and cell proliferation in HCC by increasing the expression of the Kruppel-like family of transcription factors. Additionally, Wang et al. [10] found that while miR-1204 is ectopically expressed in HCC, it enhances proliferation and colony formation by activating MAPK/c-Jun signaling pathways [10].

We previously observed a downregulation of miR-4325 in HCC tumor tissues as compared to the nontumor counterparts. However, the role of miR-4325 in HCC, or even in cancer, has not been reported in the literature. This study sought to characterize miR-4325 expression both in vivo and in vitro and to investigate clinical relevance, biological role, and underlying mechanisms of miR-4325 in HCC.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Tissue Specimens

30 pairs of HCC tumor and matched adjacent nontumor tissues (≥2 cm away from the tumor edge) were obtained from surgically resected specimens in our hospital between January 2012 and May 2013. After resection, tissues were immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen and kept at -80°C for further analysis. All patients were diagnosed with HCC and underwent an operation at the aforementioned hospital. None of the patients had received preoperative adjuvant therapy. Among the 30 HCC patients, the median age was years (range: 45-82 years). Clinicopathological parameters of patients are presented in Table 1 [11]. Ethics approval was obtained from the Medical Ethics Board of our hospital (approval no. LL201904654), and all patients provided signed informed consent.

2.2. Cell Transfection

Human HCC cell lines Hep3b, HCCC-9810, HuH-6, and PLC/PRF/5 were provided by the National Infrastructure of Cell Line Resource (Beijing, China). Human normal hepatic cell line THLE-2 and HCC cell lines Li-7 and HuH-7 were available from China Center for Type Culture Collection. The following cell lines were grown in the respective culture medium (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% FBS, penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml): HCCC-9810, HuH-6, Li-7, and THLE-2 in RPMI-1640; HuH-7 in DMEM; and Hep3b and PLC/PRF/5 in MEM-EBSS. The cells were cultured in a humidified 37°C incubator containing 5% CO₂. The cell lines HuH-7 and Li-7 were transfected with miR-4325 mimics (5-UUGCACUUGUCUCAGUGA-3), GATA6 overexpression plasmids (full length), or negative control (NC, nontargeting scrambled control) (named “control” and “OECON,” respectively), which were provided by GeneCopoeia Inc. And the transfection was carried out using the Invitrogen Lipofectamine® 3000 kit as recommended by the manufacturer. In the experiments, cells were transfected with 5 ng mimics or NC plasmids, and approximately 30-50% of the cells were successfully transfected. After single-cell culture, stable cells transfected with miR-4325 mimics, GATA6 overexpression plasmids, and their respective NC mimics were established. Subsequent experiments were performed one week after transfection.

The CRIPSR-Cas9 vector px458 (pSpCas9(BB)-2A-GFP; Addgene, Inc.; cat. no. 48138; 5 clone site, AgeI; 3 clone site, EcoRI) was used for knockdown of GATA6 in the cell lines. Design and synthesis of gRNA-coding cDNAs for GATA6 were performed by GeneCopoeia Inc., and the cDNAs were used for the cell transfection. The following primers were used in this study: forward, 5-caccCTCGGCGTTTCTGCGCCATA-3; reverse, 5-aaacTATGGCGCAGAAACGCCGAG-3. The negative control was nontargeting sgRNA from the same sgRNA dataset (https://www.addgene.org/crispr/libraries/). Following transfection with the GATA6-knockdown vector or control vector, GFP-positive cells were isolated by using flow cytometry, and single cells were plated in 96-well culture plates containing the respective growth medium. After 3-4 weeks of cell culture, western blotting was performed to test the effect of GATA6-knockdown. In total, more than 4 stable cell clones with GATA6-knockdown were obtained; among them, one cell clone was chosen for the subsequent experiments.

2.3. RT-qPCR

The Invitrogen TRIzol® reagent was used to isolate total RNA in tissue specimens or cultured cells, and reverse transcription was performed using the Invitrogen high-capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit. RT-qPCR was conducted using SYBR Green (Takara Bio, Inc.). The relative miR-4325 expression was normalized to U6 (for miR-4325) and GAPDH (for GATA6). All reactions were performed in triplicate. The following primers were used to detect the indicated target genes: miR-4325, 5-ACACTCCAGCTGGGTTGCACTTGTCT-3 (forward) and 5-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGAGTCGGCAATTCAGTTGAGTCACTGAG-3 (reverse); GAPDH, 5-CAGCCTCAAGATCATCAGCA-3 (forward) and 5-TGTGGTCATGAGTCCTTCCA-3 (reverse); U6, 5-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3 (forward) and 5-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3 (reverse); and GATA6, 5-CTGCGGGCTCTACAGCAAG-3 (forward) and 5-GTTGGCACAGGACAATCCAAG-3 (reverse). The following cycling conditions were used: one cycle at 94°C for 2 min; 40 cycles at 94°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 1 min. The relative quantification of gene expression was carried out using the 2^-ΔΔCq method [12].

2.4. Western Blot Analysis

After 48-72 hours of transfection, protein extraction and quantification were performed in HuH-7 and Li-7 cells using the RIPA buffer and BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), respectively. Proteins (10 μg/lane) were resolved on 12% Bis-Tris gel and then transferred to a PVDF membrane. After being blocked with 5% skimmed milk for 2 h at room temperature (RT), the membrane was incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C, followed by an incubation with the secondary antibody for 1 h at RT. Antibodies against GAPDH (EPR16891, 1 : 5,000) and GATA6 (AB22600, 1 : 1,000) as well as HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-sheep secondary antibody (ab6747, 1 : 20,000) were purchased from Abcam. Development was performed in a dark room. The Pierce™ ECL Western Blotting Substrate was used as the visualization reagent. GAPDH was loaded as a control. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate.

2.5. MTT Assay

The rate of cell proliferation was measured by the MTT assay. The cells were plated in a 96-well tissue plate at a density of cells per well, and 20 μl of MTT solution (5 mg/ml) (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was dispensed into each well. Following 4 hours of culture, 150 μl DMSO was applied to each well, and then, the mixture was shaken for 10 min at RT. The optical density (OD) value was measured at 490 nm to determine cell proliferation rates days 1-4 after transfection.

2.6. Transwell Assays

Cell migration and invasion were assayed using Transwell chambers (8 μm pore size, Corning, Inc.). In the cell invasion assay, Matrigel-coated Transwell inserts were prepared at 37°C for 30 min. Subsequently, HuH-7 and Li-7 cells suspended in the respective serum-free medium were plated into the upper chamber at a density of cells per well, while a growth culture medium containing 10% FBS was applied to the lower chamber. After 48 hours of incubation, while noninvading cells on the upper surface of the insert were removed with a cotton swab, invaded cells on the lower insert surface were subjected to fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at RT, followed by crystal violet staining 1% for 5 min at RT. Stained cells were counted in five randomly selected fields using an optical microscope (Leica Microsystems GmbH) at 200x magnification. The cell migration assay was carried out as described in the invasion assay, except that the insert was not precoated with Matrigel.

2.7. Bioinformatics Analysis

Prediction of miR-4325 targets was conducted based on miRDB (http://mirdb.org/) and TargetScan Human v7.2 (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/).

2.8. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay

HuH-7 and Li-7 cells were cotransfected with WT or mutant GATA6 3-UTR and miR-4325 mimic or miR-NC by using the Invitrogen Lipofectamine 2000 reagent. A dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega Corporation) was utilized to analyze luciferase activity 48 hours after transfection. The luciferase activity was normalized to that of Renilla.

2.9. Statistics

All data were expressed as the and subjected to analysis with SPSS 22.0 software (IBM Corp.). Comparisons between tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues were performed using paired Student’s -test. For in vitro experiments, unpaired Student’s -tests were conducted to determine the statistical significance of differences among the groups. The test was used to analyze the association of miR-4325 levels with clinicopathological parameters. Multiple comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s test. Spearman correlation (2-tailed) and scatter plot analysis were used to test the correlation between miR-4325 and GATA6 expression levels (cut-off, 50%), while the association of the overall survival time with miR-4325 expression was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests. Statistically, indicated a significant difference.

3. Results

3.1. miR-4325 Is Downregulated in HCC Tissue and Cells

We firstly analyzed miR-4325 expression levels in 30 pairs of HCC tumor and matched nontumor tissue specimens. The RT-qPCR assay revealed a significant downregulation of miR-4325 in HCC tissues as compared to the corresponding nontumor tissues () (Figure 1(a)). Moreover, the miR-4325 level was negatively associated with a favorable outcome of HCC patients, as indicated by Kaplan-Meier plots (Figure 1(b)). Likewise, the HCC cell lines expressed a significantly lower level of miR-4325 than their normal counterpart THLE-2 (Figure 1(c)). We, therefore, chose HuH-7 and Li-7 cell lines for further studies based on their marked downregulation of miR-4325.

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(b)

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3.2. miR-4325 Overexpression Inhibits HCC Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion

Next, we sought to investigate a potential role of miR-4325 in regulating proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells. For this purpose, HuH-7 and Li-7 cells were transfected with miR-4325 mimics or NC. As shown in Figure 2(a), miR-4325 mimics led to a significant increase in the miR-4325 level in both cell lines. MTT assays revealed that increased expression of miR-4325 inhibited HCC cell proliferation (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)). Meanwhile, Transwell assays showed that miR-4325 overexpression markedly repressed the migration and invasion of Li-7 and HuH-7 cells (Figures 2(d)–2(g)). Collectively, these data suggested that miR-4325 negatively regulated HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.

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Figure 2

miR-4325 overexpression suppresses HCC cell growth, migration, and invasion. (a) RT-qPCR analysis of miR-4325 expression. vs. control. MTT assay-based detection of proliferative ability of Li-7 (b) and HuH-7 (c) cells. vs. control. (d) Overexpression of miR-4325 inhibited cell migration. vs. control. (e) Increased expression of miR-4325 inhibited cell invasion. vs. control. The migration and invasion of cells transfected with miR-4325 mimics were assessed using Transwell assays in Li-7 (f) and HuH-7 (g) cell lines (scale bar, 100 μm).

3.3. miR-4325 Directly Targets GATA6 In Vitro

To understand the molecular mechanism underlying the regulatory role of miR-4325 in HCC, we searched and cross-compared potential targets of miR-4325 by using two databases miRDB and TargetScan. As depicted in Figure 3(a), a putative binding site for miR-4325 in the GATA6 3-UTR was identified, suggestive of GATA6 as a miR-4325 target. To test this scenario, we performed luciferase reporter assays. The assays revealed that miR-4325 overexpression remarkably inhibited the luciferase activity of the GATA6 WT group in HuH-7 and Li-7 cells, while the inhibitory effect was not observed in the GATA6 mutant group (Figures 3(b) and 3(c)).

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(b)

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(e)

We further examined GATA6 expression in HCC tumor and matched nontumor tissues. As shown in Figure 3(d), a markedly higher level of GATA6 mRNAs was detected in HCC tumor tissues as compared to the nontumor counterparts (). Moreover, we observed a negative correlation between GATA6 and miR-4325 expression levels in HCC (; ) (Figure 3(e)).

3.4. miR-4325 Inhibits HCC Cell Migration and Invasion by Targeting GATA6

To validate the identification of GATA6 as a miR-4325 target in HCC based on the in vitro studies, we carried out a number of experiments using Li-7 and HuH-7 cells. In the experiments, GATA6 could be overexpressed or knocked down in Li-7 and HuH-7 cells (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)). As shown in Figures 4(c) and 4(d), HCC cell lines expressed significantly higher levels of GATA6 than the normal counterpart. Notably, miR-4325 overexpression led to a decreased expression of GATA6, while this decrease was reversed by GATA6 overexpression (Figure 4(e)). In addition, GATA6-knockdown did not influence miR-4325 expression in miR-4325 mimic-expressing cells, indicating that miR-4325 targets GATA6 (Figures 4(f) and 4(g)).

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Figure 4

miR-4325 suppresses HCC cell migration and invasion through targeting GATA6. GATA6 was successfully overexpressed or knocked down in Li-7 (a) and HuH-7 (b) cell lines. (c, d) HCC cell lines expressed a higher level of GATA6 than THLE-2 cell line. (e) Western blot analysis of GATA6 expression levels. Comparisons of miR-4325 relative expression levels between miR-4325 mimics and KDGATA6 (f) or between miR-4325 mimics and OEGATA6 (g). Detection of migrating ability of cells transfected with miR-4325 mimics and KDGATA6 (h) or with miR-4325 mimics and OEGATA6 (i). Detection of invasion ability of cells transfected with miR-4325 mimics and KDGATA6 (j) or with miR-4325 mimics and OEGATA6 (k). (l) Images of migration and invasion assay in Li-7 cells (scale bar: 100 μm). vs. control+KDCON or control+OECON. ^# vs. control+KDGATA6 or control+OEGATA6. KDCON: knockdown control; OECON: overexpression control.

Finally, we investigated whether GATA6 plays a role in miR-4325-mediated regulation of cell migration and invasion. As depicted in Figures 4(h) and 4(l), GATA6-knockout significantly inhibited HCC cell migration, showing a similar effect with miR-4325 overexpression. Conversely, GATA6 overexpression promoted the cell migration; this effect could be reversed by miR-4325 overexpression (Figure 4(i)). Similarly, GATA6 regulated HCC cell invasion (Figures 4(j) and 4(k)).

4. Discussion

HCC is the most prevalent primary liver cancer, accounting for 70-85% of all cases with primary liver cancer, while metastasis is the main death cause of HCC [13]. miRNAs are critically involved in gene expression regulation at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels during the initiation and progression of various types of cancer, including HCC [14]. Increasing studies have shown that miRNAs can influence HCC occurrence by regulating oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes [15–18]. Multiple miRNAs, such as miR-335 and miR-122, have demonstrated their potentials in therapeutic strategies for HCC [19, 20]. Here, we provided evidence that miR-4325 functions as an inhibitor in HCC development.

In this study, we first showed that the miR-4325 was downregulated in the HCC tissue and cells and associated with a poor prognosis of HCC patients. Meanwhile, MTT and Transwell assays revealed that miR-4325 inhibited HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, suggesting that miR-4325 may act as a tumor suppressor gene in HCC.

Furthermore, GATA6 was identified and validated as a target gene of miR-4325 through bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays. GATA6 belongs to a zinc finger transcription factor family and plays an important role in the regulation of cellular differentiation and organogenesis [21]. It has been shown that GATA6 is implicated in the occurrence and development of various malignancies, including lung cancer [22], gastric cancer [23], colorectal cancer [24], pancreatic cancer [25], hepatocellular carcinoma [26, 27], and ovarian cancer [28]. In particular, Xue et al. [27] found that GATA6 overexpression could promote the migration and invasion of HCC cells. This observation was in accordance with the findings in the present study. In the present study, analysis of clinical tissue specimens and cultured cells revealed that GATA6 expression was upregulated in HCC patients and HCC cells. In addition, we found that interference with GATA6 expression could inhibit the migration and invasion of LI-7 and HuH-7 cells, while overexpression of GATA6 promoted the function of HCC cells. However, overexpression of miR-4325 could inhibit the ability of overexpression of GATA6 to promote the migration and invasion of HCC cells. These results confirmed that miR-4325 could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells by targeting the expression of GATA6.

In conclusion, the current study revealed a downregulation of miR-4325 expression in HCC. Moreover, miR-4325 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells through targeting GATA6. These findings are potentially of significance in developing a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC.

Data Availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are available upon request from the authors.

Ethical Approval

Ethics approval was obtained from the Medical Ethics Board of our hospital (approval no. LL201904654).

All patients provided signed informed consent.

Conflicts of Interest

There are no competing interests to declare.

Authors’ Contributions

ML and XC conceived and designed the project. ML, PW, HW, and JL carried out the experiments. CW and JC performed data analyses. ML, PW, and HW drafted the manuscript. XC reviewed and edited the paper for intellectually important content. All the authors listed have approved the content of the submitted manuscript. Xiaoxia Huo and Tiantian Li contributed equally to this work.

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Copyright © 2021 Xiaoxia Huo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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