Free Education in Rwanda: Just One Step towards Reducing Gender and Sibling Inequalities
Table 1
Descriptive statistics on the independent variables influencing the nonattendance at school for children aged 8–14 years during EICV 2000/01 and 2005/06.
Variables
2000/01 survey
2005/06 survey
Observations
Not attend school (%)
Observations
Not attend school (%)
Total
5.649
678 (12)
5.550
253 (5)
Residence
Rural
4.749
613 (13)
4.395
200 (5)
Other urban centre
378
41 (11)
562
30 (5)
Kigali
522
24 (5)
593
23 (4)
Distance to school
<1/2 km
2.402
235 (10)
2.965
136 (5)
1/2–2 km
1.887
235 (12)
1.572
61 (4)
>2 km
1.360
208 (15)
1.013
56 (6)
Occupation household head
Farm activities
5.106
634 (12)
2.170
95 (4)
Nonfarm activities
543
44 (8)
3.380
158 (5)
Poverty*
Nonpoor
2.060
166 (8)
2.190
86 (4)
Poor
1.075
129 (12)
1.112
48 (4)
Extremely poor
2.514
383 (15)
2.248
119 (5)
Financial transfers received
None
1.623
189 (12)
951
44 (5)
<RWF 5000 (<$10)
2.606
330 (13)
1.674
92 (6)
>RWF 5000 (>$10)
1.420
159 (11)
2.925
117 (4)
Education of household head
None
4.167
515 (12)
1.976
78 (4)
1–5 years primary education
512
60 (12)
1.836
63 (3)
Primary school +
970
103 (11)
1.738
112 (6)
Presence of parents in household
Both
2.756
282 (10)
3.264
94 (3)
Father only
259
49 (19)
211
19 (9)
Mother only
1.620
196 (12)
1.299
62 (5)
Neither
1.014
151 (15)
776
78 (10)
Age
8–10 years
2.293
85 (4)
2.492
43 (2)
11-12 years
1.627
171 (11)
1.576
64 (4)
13-14 years
1.729
422 (24)
1.482
146 (10)
Gender and position among sibling
Male with old sibling
908
127 (14)
992
62 (6)
Female with old sibling
984
123 (13)
975
43 (4)
Male with old and young sibling
1.533
171 (11)
1.561
53 (3)
Female with old and young sibling
1.577
150 (10)
1.605
58 (4)
Male with young sibling
59
9 (15)
25
5 (20)
Female with young sibling
136
26 (19)
19
6 (32)
Male without sibling
224
38 (17)
181
16 (9)
Female without sibling
228
34 (15)
192
10 (5)
Time spent on chores per week
<14 hours
4.535
462 (10)
3.266
148 (5)
>14 hours
1.114
216 (19)
2.284
105 (5)
*The poverty line was calculated on the basis of the level of household consumption including purchases but also on consumption from other sources like own production and payments received in kind. The approach used follows standard international practices by adjusting for differences in prices faced by households (price deflator) and by taking into account the household composition (household size measured in terms of adult equivalents). Given the prices in January 2001, the poverty line was set at RWF 64,000 ($120) per adult per year, and an extreme poverty line (below which households could not even afford the basic food consumption basket, even without spending anything on nonfood items, was RWF 45,000 ($85) per adult per year. For January 2006 prices these poverty lines translate into RWF 90,000 ($170) and RWF 63,500 ($120) per adult per year, respectively (see [52]).
