Research Article
School Accountability and Youth Obesity: Can Physical Education Mandates Make a Difference?
Table 4
Empirical results: effect of accountability pressures on overweight levels, grades 3–8.
| | | At risk | Overweight | | | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| | Quality Counts index | 0.0237* (0.0144) | — | 0.0298* (0.0163) | — | | Carnoy-Loeb index | — | 0.0174* (0.00996) | — | 0.0224** (0.0111) | | PE mandate | 0.0231 (0.0308) | 0.0481 (0.0393) | 0.0345 (0.0356) | 0.00879* (0.0453) | | Accountability index * (PE mandate) | 0.00401 (0.0156) | — | 0.000976 (0.0177) | — | | Carnoy-Loeb index * (PE mandate) | — | −0.00407 (0.0109) | — | −0.0154 (0.0123) | | Gender (female is excluded): | | | | | | Male | 0.232*** (0.0154) | 0.232*** (0.0154) | 0.239*** (0.0175) | 0.239*** (0.0175) | | Child’s age | −0.0780*** (0.00451) | −0.0780*** (0.00451) | −0.109*** (0.00513) | −0.109*** (0.00513) | | Child born in US | 0.252*** (0.0370) | 0.252*** (0.0370) | 0.168*** (0.0422) | 0.168*** (0.0422) | | Race (white is excluded): | | | | | | Black | 0.327*** (0.0439) | 0.326*** (0.0262) | 0.387*** (0.0279) | 0.387*** (0.0279) | | Hispanic | −0.0355 (0.0260) | −0.0341 (0.0260) | 0.0524* (0.0289) | 0.0561* (0.0289) | | Multiracial | 0.107*** (0.0389) | 0.107*** (0.0389) | 0.112** (0.0435) | 0.114** (0.0435) | | Other | 0.120*** (0.0398) | 0.121*** (0.0398) | 0.0934** (0.0451) | 0.0943** (0.0451) | | Maternal education (less than high school is excluded): | | | | | | High school | 0.216*** (0.0384) | 0.216*** (0.0384) | 0.170*** (0.0419) | 0.170*** (0.0419) | | More than high school | 0.0538 (0.0378) | 0.0542 (0.0378) | 0.0000172 (0.0415) | 0.000542 (0.0415) | | Household income (income above 400% poverty line is excluded): | | | | | | Household income falls below poverty line | 0.129*** (0.0354) | 0.128*** (0.0354) | 0.179*** (0.0389) | 0.177*** (0.0389) | | Household income is between 100% and 133% of poverty line | 0.158*** (0.0388) | 0.157*** (0.0389) | 0.159*** (0.0429) | 0.157*** (0.0429) | | Household income is between 133% and 150% of poverty line | 0.219*** (0.0477) | 0.218*** (0.0477) | 0.199*** (0.0524) | 0.198*** (0.0524) | | Household income is between 150% and 185% of poverty line | 0.0930*** (0.0358) | 0.0927** (0.0358) | 0.0639 (0.0405) | 0.0629 (0.0405) | | Household income is between 185% and 200% of poverty line | 0.156*** (0.0438) | 0.155*** (0.0438) | 0.177*** (0.0487) | 0.175*** (0.0487) | | Household income is between 200% and 300% of poverty line | 0.115*** (0.0232) | 0.115*** (0.0232) | 0.134*** (0.0265) | 0.132*** (0.0265) | | Household income is between 300% and 400% of poverty line | 0.0531** (0.0237) | 0.0528** (0.0237) | 0.0518* (0.0276) | 0.0510* (0.0276 | | MSA | −0.0509*** (0.0164) | −0.0518*** (0.0164) | −0.0521*** (0.0186) | −0.0515*** (0.0186) | | Region (South is excluded): | | | | | | West | −0.115*** (0.0243) | −0.129*** (0.0228) | −0.139*** (0.0275) | −0.158*** (0.0259) | | Northeast | −0.0374 (0.0282) | −0.0460* (0.0278) | −0.0592* (0.0316) | −0.0679** (0.0312) | | Midwest | −0.0526** (0.0237) | −0.0595** (0.0230) | −0.0624** (0.0266) | −0.0710** (0.0259) | | Father exercises regularly | −0.0578*** (0.0161) | −0.0582*** (0.0161) | −0.0462** (0.0183) | −0.0466** (0.0183) | | Mother exercises regularly | 0.0332 (0.0491) | 0.0333 (0.0491) | 0.0544 (0.0537) | 0.0550 (0.0537) | | Lunch program participation | 0.0519** (0.0259) | 0.0525** (0.0259) | 0.0917*** (0.0285) | 0.0923*** (0.0285) | | Per capita income | −0.00301 (0.00189) | −0.00302 (0.00189) | −0.00217 (0.00211) | −0.00255 (0.0021) | | Number of observations | 28603 | 28603 | 28603 | 28603 | | Chi-squared | 1247 | 1244 | 1402 | 1398 |
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Notes: standard errors are in parentheses; indicates significance at level, indicates significance at level, and indicates significance at level.
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