What Is Driving Gender Equality in Secondary Education? Evidence from 57 Developing Countries, 1970–2010

Table 2

Gender parity in secondary education attainment, developing countries: 1970–2010. Alternative measure of religion: PEW.

	OLS	Random effects	Fixed effects
Bureaucratic quality	0.019	0.004	0.002
	(0.015)	(0.008)	(0.008)
GDP per capita (ln)	0.063	0.017	−0.006
	(0.029)	(0.033)	(0.047)
Average aid over 5 years	0.001	0.001	0.001
	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)
Urbanization	0.676	1.005	1.076
	(0.174)	(0.132)	(0.155)
Youth cohort size	0.012	0.010	0.010
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)
Armed conflict intensity (ln)	0.0002	0.001	0.001
	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Ethnic fractionalization	−0.263	−0.229
	(0.066)	(0.072)
Religious belonging (ref. cat: other (other: Buddhism, Hinduism, Folk religion, and unaffiliated [9].))
Christianity	−0.081	−0.086
	(0.074)	(0.081)
Islam	−0.233	−0.207
	(0.079)	(0.087)
Democracy level	0.028	−0.012	−0.014
	(0.062)	(0.034)	(0.033)
Population	−0.0001	0.00002	0.0002
	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0002)
1975	−0.011	−0.008	−0.006
	(0.021)	(0.024)	(0.025)
1980	−0.007	−0.009	−0.008
	(0.020)	(0.014)	(0.013)
1985	0.014	0.008	0.007
	(0.020)	(0.014)	(0.013)
1990	0.040	0.037	0.036
	(0.019)	(0.013)	(0.011)
1995	0.064	0.054	0.049
	(0.019)	(0.012)	(0.012)
Constant	−0.158	0.145	0.041
	(0.263)	(0.253)	(0.340)
	0.58		0.47
	401	401	401

; ; .