What Is Driving Gender Equality in Secondary Education? Evidence from 57 Developing Countries, 1970–2010

Table 3

Gender parity in secondary education attainment, developing countries: 1970–2010. Alternative measure of democracy: POLITY IV.

	OLS	Random effects	Fixed effects
Bureaucratic quality	0.024	0.005	0.003
	(0.015)	(0.008)	(0.008)
GDP per capita (ln)	0.048	0.011	−0.004
	(0.040)	(0.038)	(0.048)
Average aid over 5 years	0.001	0.001	0.001
	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)
Urbanization	0.661	0.966	1.052
	(0.207)	(0.143)	(0.157)
Youth cohort size	0.011	0.010	0.010
	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.005)
Armed conflict intensity (ln)	−0.0004	0.001	0.001
	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Ethnic fractionalization	−0.256	−0.225
	(0.073)	(0.072)
Largest religion (ref. cat: Catholicism)
Protestantism or other	−0.043	−0.047
	(0.060)	(0.055)
Islam	−0.189	−0.177
	(0.057)	(0.052)
Polity	0.003	0.0004	0.0001
	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Population	−0.00002	0.0001	0.0002
	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.0002)
1975	−0.009	−0.007	−0.005
	(0.020)	(0.024)	(0.025)
1980	0.0001	−0.007	−0.007
	(0.022)	(0.015)	(0.014)
1985	0.022	0.008	0.006
	(0.023)	(0.015)	(0.013)
1990	0.047	0.039	0.036
	(0.019)	(0.013)	(0.011)
1995	0.064	0.052	0.046
	(0.018)	(0.011)	(0.011)
Constant	−0.052	0.166	0.051
	(0.353)	(0.296)	(0.342)
	0.57		0.47
(POLITY has missing observations on Cambodia in 1980 and 1985)	399	399	399

; ; .